Energy Needs in Mexico Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Energy Needs in Mexico - Research Paper Example In other words, energy is the capability of doing work, spawning heat, and discharging luminosity or emission. On the other hand, power is the energy spent over a given period, say, per unit time. The two are interrelated and one cannot do minus the other. So far, there are over six elementary sources of energy, which include nuclear, thermal and electromagnetic energy. Other forms of energy include electricity, mechanical and chemical energies. Different countries use different forms of energy or a combination of many forms of energy. In Mexico, the government of Mexico struggles to meet the energy needs of the country by using a combination of different forms of energy. Notably, coal and fossil fuels are the dominant sources of energy in Mexico. Perhaps due to their abundance within and without Mexico, fossil fuels are the most common source of energy not only in Mexico, but also in other countries. However, with the warning of fossil fuels getting scarce and their adverse effects of combustion, various countries just like Mexico are busy adopting new forms of energy (Buen & Isabel, 2006, pp. 1-3). The Mexican constitution gives the state the mandate to generate, transmit, and distribute different forms of energy to the citizenry.... For instance, the generation of electricity in Mexico depends on 75 percent of thermal sources, 19 percent from water generation (hydropower). Other sources accounting 2 percent include biomass, solar and wind. Recently, the government embarked on plan to increase its energy figures by 14.8 GW by 2015 using other sources of energy such as renewable sources. This research paper addresses the energy needs in Mexico, the challenges facing its energy sector, and the implication on the economy (Auer, 2001, pp. 1-7). 1.1 Statement of the problem Although there are abundance reserves of both natural gas and petroleum in Mexico, the problem of energy insufficiency persists in a country that is trying so hard to set its path towards positive economic growth figures. The ever-growing economic demands in the country are slowly but surely outpacing the ability of Mexico to produce additional energy. To make matters worse, the poor infrastructure in the exploitation of these two fundamental sourc es of energy has made the country loose millions of dollars due to the flaring up of natural gas. Additionally, the government has been on the receiving end for not investing enough in the energy sector thus, affecting the exploration and production of these basic sources of energy. Inadequate investment from the private sector is also another impediment facing the energy sector in Mexico. The lack of storage facilities for refined oil is also another challenge facing Mexico, as this forces the government and other energy sector players to import at least 25 percent of gasoline. Major infrastructure projects happening in the energy sector in Mexico have almost come to a standstill due to budgetary constraints. For

The Process Of Time Table Construction Computer Science Essay

The Process Of Time Table Construction Computer Science Essay The process of time-table construction can prove to be a hectic task considering the number of cohorts [courses] and the modules [subjects] offered by a specific university. This is mainly because, there could be a deadlock in allotment of the schedule considering all the constraints to be satisfied .This requires logical thinking which definitely consumes a large amount of time. Moreover, identification of the inconsistencies and their respective solutions can prove to be disastrous. Initially , the task of time table scheduling was done manually .This proved to be troublesome ,error-prone and time consuming .To overcome these problems , automated exam time-table generation has come to light. With a wider range of choices available to the students in the selection of modules [ subjects ] and cohorts [ courses] of their choice , the flexibility of the University improves but at the same time , the task of time-table creation becomes merely complicated .However , a software which can consider all the constraints and cross faculty modules [latter includes the modules taken by students from various faculties]as well , is of immense help. Thus ,the scientific society has given considerable attention to automated time-table generation from the last four decades .One of the most primitive ones used the concepts of one or more of the following operational methodologies network flow techniques reduction to graph coloring integer programming direct heuristics and more The latest technology uses advanced techniques like expert systems which work on the concept of artificial intelligence, logic programming which uses languages like Prolog, constraint logic programming and generic evolutionary algorithms .However , there is no universally accepted language for time-table creation. Several attempts have been made to formulate one but these are left incomplete. In this software , the constraint satisfaction is 99% .Moreover , the interface developed is use friendly where in the user doesnt have to enter the names of the cohorts and modules which he wishes to opt for as he can just select the same from the drop down lists . WHAT IS CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION? Constraint satisfaction was first introduced in artificial intelligence .This is a logical problem solving language merged with a programming language which is used to solve a given problem with a specific set of constraints. This deals with the assignment of certain values to the variables while meeting certain conditions. It is represented as a set of variables Xi and a set of constraints Ci where each constraint specifies a subset of variables and an allowable combination of these. In this project some of the main constraints which are to be considered are as below: Students belonging to different cohorts but studying a common module must have the exam on the same day. No two modules of the same cohorts can have their respective exams on the same day One of the soft constraints is that no two exams of the same cohort must be on the same day Thus, these are satisfied before the software is deployed .The techniques used in constraint satisfaction are purely dependent on the constraints. Constraints specific to a finite domain are solved using search strategies in the form of backtracking or local search. Constraint propagation is yet another technique which is used but however is sometimes incomplete. That is it either solves the problem or proves and declares it unsatisfiable .These methods are combined with the search strategies to simplify the process. There are many constraint programming libraries which can be included in this project. Since Java is the platform we develop the project on, Choco is an appropriate library which can be easily used with Java programming .it is an event based propagating system with backtrack structures. More on Choco is discussed in the later sections on the report. BRUTE FORCE TECHNIQUE: Brute force technique is a process of finding the result by taking all the possible inputs i.e., a trial and error process. If a taken Input yields the correct result then it is treated as the correct input. If not then it goes for the next input until we get the correct result. We can consider knapsack problem as an example of a brute force technique. Knapsack problem generally means a bag which should be filled with weights that should yield maximum profit. The most implicit constraint of knapsack problem is to maximize profit with minimum weight. Let us say there a four types of materials as follows gold , silver , platinum and bronze with profit values of 1000,10,2000 and 5 and weights of 2,3,4,5 .Thief want more profit with his minimum capacity bag let us say it can fit 5.So he applies the brute force technique to get maximum profit.First he fills the bag with gold which weights 2 and then goes for silver which weights 3 here the bag is full and yielding the profit of 1000+10=1010. Now he tries of another combination i.e., he selects platinum which weights 4 and now the rest of the bag is only one so he can select the  ½ part of gold which weights 1 thus the bag is filled with yielding 2000+500=2500 .In this manner different combinations are tried until the max profit is yielded. CHAPTER 2 Aims and Objectives The manual process of generating exam timetable by taking all constraints into consideration is very much time taking and difficult process. So the main aim of this project is to build a software tool to create exam timetables for a university or a school and the application should be user friendly and should satisfy all the constraints. The brief explanation of this is as follows: First analyze the manual process in developing exam time table that is following in schools and universities. This analysis helps us in developing the software tool. After analyzing the manual process we should make a list of all possible constraints which should be satisfied by the developed system. We should identify all the constraints that should be satisfied by our developed system and we should analyze them which is helpful in developing the software product. To gain an understanding of constraint satisfaction tool like choco which we are using in the development process. The developed product should be user friendly, so that user can use the system easily. In AUTOMATED EXAM TIME TABLE product the user should input the cohort name and module name. Instead of typing the entire cohort and module name we should put a dropdown list where user selects from it. By this we can eliminate the incorrect typing. The developed product should satisfy constraints like two exams of the same year of both semesters should not be on the same day. Every student should get their exams on alternate days only. All such type of major constraints should be satisfied by our product. MOTIVATION: Most of the people are interested in playing chess. By playing chess we can improve our concentration power. We have an idea of creating code for playing chess. As chess is played by two players one player is automated and another player plays manually. Here constraint satisfaction is used because there are certain conditions like elephant should have only straight moves, soldier should have one step straight move etc., we have to design our code by satisfying these conditions. Our program is used by the player in the absence of his partner. This player makes use of graphical user interface to opt his plots against other player which makes use of our code. So here artificial intelligence is used. This idea motivated us for designing automated examination time tabling software. FEATURES: Exams are scheduled such that no two exams are overlapped for the same student. Students are informed in case of any changes in the examination schedule like postponement, or preponement etc. User can save data so that he can view the application if he reopens it again. Students are allotted examination halls in a proper way so that a single student is not allotted in two different rooms. Proper allotment of staff in examination halls. Student can post his problems regarding exams. User can add modules to this software if they are relevant to this software. KEY TECHNIQUES JAVA PROGRAMMING JAVA is the language which has many features like multithreading, platform dependent, simple, robust, object oriented etc. Java is portable and performance levels of it are too high. Java concepts are very simple and understandable. Exceptions are also perfectly managed by Java. Database connectivity, GUI, IO packages is the main concepts due to which we go for java programming. CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION PROGRAMMING USING CHOCO CHOCO is a java library which is mainly used for constraint satisfaction. CHOCO is based on events which have the capability of backtracking. It can be used for many purposes like teaching, researching etc. So by using this constraint satisfaction programming we can develop the exam time table perfectly. ORACLE DATABASE FOR DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL Database is a collection of entities. Data is a collection of similar raw information. Data is represented with the help of views or tables. View is not a physical entity. It is the representation for shadow of tables. Oracle database is mainly used for data storage and retrieval. That is data is stored in a place and in future if we want that data we can easily retrieve it. For developing the exam timetable in a university the above three key techniques are very very important and by using these techniques only the development processing of timetable can be done perfectly. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS There are two types of system requirements software and hardware. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Based on the operating system many things may depend. So selection of operating system plays very important role. WINDOWS XP operating system is the most appropriate operating system for software requirements of developing exam timetable. Oracle 10g relational database management system is also one of the software requirements. For developing the JAVA code My Eclipse Tool is the most suitable software requirement. For constraint satisfaction programming the preferred version is CHOCO 2.1.0. These are the minimum and most important software requirements for developing exam time table. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS The processor required is Pentium 111 processor with 800MHz. Oracle database 10g and Java code developing tool must be on run mode at the same time so 1GB RAM is required. 20GB HDD also required as hardware requirement. These are the minimum and most important hardware requirements for developing exam time table. CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS Existing System: The timetable management of a university was initially done normally by using some primitive methods and algorithms. The planning is made by a group of people and the timetable is fixed after certain negotiations. The university needs to set the timetable for each and every student separately and then finalize the whole timetable. The Timetable that is prepared by the Examination department of that institution needs to be sent in atleast 45 days advance to all the departments of the university and concerned affiliated colleges also. There are some issues regarding the timetable preparation. They are The students belonging to different departments will have the subjects related to their course. The subjects may be in common for certain branches. So the timetable designer needs to have a proper idea regarding the date and time of the examinations making sure that the same subject to different departments is conducted on the same day and at the same time. This reduces the extra effort for preparing different sets of question papers and ensuring the same complexity of the paper. A subject may be completed in advance by certain departments and there might be certain students who had failed that certain subject. The students who have failed in the regular examinations are given a chance for writing the supplementary examinations in the next semester. There is a chance of anomaly that the regular examination of the current semester and the supplementary examination for the previous semester may fall on the same day and same time. So the timetable adjustment must be flexible in such a way that no student misses any of the examinations. The regular student needs to have at least a day gap in between the examinations so that he can get ample amount of time for preparation for the next examination. The availability of the invigilators also needs to be checked before scheduling a particular examination. The staff members who are not assigned any class work at that time are to be taken and the schedule for a particular staff is to be prepared. The subject that is opted by maximum number of students is to be held as the first examination itself. The reason behind this is that, if the subject that is opted by maximum number of students is conducted at the last then there would be a problem in validating the answer scripts. So overcoming all the above mentioned issues is a hectic task. The timetable designer needs to have an idea regarding all those issues. The time taken by an individual to overcome all the above issues may take a few months of time. Proposed System: The proposed system of timetable management is rather a key solution for all the above mentioned issues. It gains its importance in eliminating the potential risks that are involved in the process. We can give certain number of constraints as the input and the schedule is prepared considering the constraints. The software is flexible enough for the users to enter the starting and the ending date of the examinations, the names of the students and their respective departments are present in the database and the details are retrieved accordingly. The result of the examination is automatically stored in the database for the preparation of the next semesters timetable. The proposed system is considerably quicker and more efficient. CHAPTER 4 SOFTWARE TOOLS DISCUSSION 1.CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION: We have a lot of constraints which need to be imposed and satisfied in our project. Basically CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION can be defined as the process of finding a solution to a set of constraints that impose conditions for which the variables must satisfy. In general terms, a solution is the set of variables that satisfies all the constraints.This can also be defined as the outcome of constraint satisfaction 2. CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION PROBLEM(CSP): A CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION PROBLEM(CSP) is defined by a set of variables each having a specific domain and also a set of constraints each involving a set of variables. These constraints restrict the values that the variables can take. A CSP performs these two tasks simultaneously. Now coming to the solution to CSP, it is just an assignment that maps every defined variable to a value. There may be cases where you may want to find just one solution, all possible solutions or an optimal solution based on the given objective function in terms of variables. A general constraint problem consists of the following: A set of variables A={a1,a2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.an} For each variable ai, a finite domain set Di of its possible values. D={D(a1),D(a2),à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.D(an)}. A set of constraints to restrict the values that the variables can take. C={C1,C2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Cj}. 3. CONSTRAINTS SOLVER: Now we need a constraint satisfaction tool to solve the considered constraints. This tool can be combined with any other programming languages like C,C++,JAVA etc. This tool is nothing but the constraint satisfaction libraries . As we move on with the java programming in our project, different constraint satisfaction java libraries available are given below: Choco JaCop Qstudio Avaya Aptana JCL Koalog From above mentioned java libraries, we use choco in this project. Choco is based on an event based propagation mechanism with an additional feature of backtracking structures which adds to its supremacy. This gives clear difference between modeling and solving a problem. 4. CHOCO: Choco is an open source software implemented in java program that is widely used for constraint programming and constraint satisfaction. General Features: Choco provides problem modeler that handles a variety of variable types that are integer variables real variables that holds an interval of floats. expressions using variables with the many operators like +, -, /, * and etc. Chocos modeler supports 70 constraints some of them are listed below Arithmetical constraints (integers or real): equal, not equal, greater or equal, less or equal. Refined constraints i .e Boolean operations between constrains. It will verify the relation for a set of variables by defining the sets of tuples in the table constraints. Constraint Programming Solver: Constraint programming solver provides The different types of various domains implementations will be done (enumerated, bounded, integer variables). For constraint propagation several algorithms were implemented (parameterized cumulative, full and bound all different, state-of-the-art AC algorithms for table constraints) Chocos Design: Chocos design provides clear separation between modeling and solving. In the modeling the problem will be expressed and variables and relations are defined. The verification for variable constraints for their potential implementation is done. The API is provided that facilitates how to state a problem as user friendly. In the solving phase, the problem solving is done by Constraint Programming and related information is provided. It handles specific memory management for variables and tree-based search. 5. JAVA: We use choco constraint java library to build the tool. By embedding choco java library with the java programming we create the required exam timetabling tool. Java provides us many features which augments security and has many advantages: Java is designed in such a way that you can easily write the code and debug the code. Java uses the concepts of automatic memory allocation and garbage collection. As java is an object-oriented programming language, it allows objects to work together. The code written in java is reusable. Java is platform independent. This is developed by keeping security in mind. Java augments todays web with security and reliability. Because of these features we use java programming in our project. But we need an INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT(IDE) to develop a java application. Lots of IDEs are available. In this project EXAM TIMETABLING with CONSTRAINT SATISFACTIO we use MyEclipse IDE. 6. MyEclipse IDE: MyEclipse is a commercially available JAVA EE and AJAX IDE. This is created and maintained by the company GENUITEC. This is built on the eclipse platform. This integrates proprietary and open solutions into the development environment. MyEclipse incorporates open standard technologies to provide a development environment for J2EE, XML, UML and databases. This is an open source IDE to which you can add external jars. MyEclipse allows you to save the valuable time on debugging environment. By using MyEclipse, it is easy to edit and debug the environment. MyEclipse comes with two versions: a professional and a standard edition. The standard edition adds various tools and a number of other features to the basic Eclipse Java Developer version. CHAPTER 5 SYSTEM DESIGN The development process of the Automated Exam Timetabling tool for a University, we use Choco 2.1.0 version which is implemented using Java Programming. The different tasks which are going to be implemented in the process of developing this application are Designing Graphical User Interface(GUI). Data Calculations. Timetable. Choco tool for Constraint Satisfaction. Step1: Designing Graphical User Interface (GUI) This process includes only Graphical User Interface part, that consists buttons, Tables, Dropdown lists and etc. These controls are arranged in the proper order to display them. Look and feel will be implemented in this process. Step 2: Data Calculations Data Calculations part consists of code which results the final output for the Schedule of Exam Timetable. Here we implement the code with logic that works like selection of exams to be held in alternative days. Here we consider all exams of particular course and prepares a logic for Exam Timetable that includes Supplementary and Regular Exams. Step 3: Timetable Timetable process involves in the creation of a schedule that sets the examinations are allocated into venues with limited capacities within an examination period. This includes the following methods. We cannot schedule a session where one student cannot taken two examinations in the same session. The venues capacity should not exceed from the total number of candidates writing the exam in a schedule. Step 4: ChocoSolver ChocoSolver is a java library for constraint programming and constraint satisfaction. Choco will define all the variables of time tabling problem that includes the Constraint Definitions Candidate Information Venue Information Examination information Exam Session particulars. User has to enter constraints and changes to the exams related to the particular exam or venue. Defining the Constraints This program will allow the users to define all necessary constraints according to the exams. The different duration should be separated for all examinations . The examination time and venue of a particular batch should be held in particular date. Venue Partitioning This process considers the number of faculties and venues. Invigilators are allocated to particular venue for the examinations. User interface is provided for the assignment and manipulation of venue partitions to the faculties. In venue partitioning the following points are considered in the Choco Solver The number of students in a venue should not exceed more than the capacity. The sufficient invigilators should be allocated for the each examination hall. The attendance sheet should be provided to the invigilators to confirm the candidate is attended or not. PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED AND THEIR PROPOSED SOLUTIONS: Scheduling an exam time table is very difficult and time taking task because there are many constraints that should be satisfied for ex: at least one day gap should be there in between two exams so that student gets time to revise, there should not be any other exam on the same day which collides with the present exam, room allocation, staff allocation, invigilator allocation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Etc. All this problems are solved in this project, this project saves a lot of time, this helps to schedule exam time table in more user friendly manner. Proposed System: In this project user can add any module to any cohort by using dropdown menus. Mostly we are not sure about the starting date of exams, but in this application user have chance to select the starting date of examinations. Sometimes same module may be shared by some cohorts. In this case we are going to create new time table for the module shared by different cohorts on the same day. So that time can be saved and number of invigilators can be reduced. Some student may have supplementary exams. This supplementary exam and regular exam should not be on the same day or on the consecutive days. Separate schedule is created for these supplementary exams or those should be held with next intake students. This application allows user to add modules to a cohort by using drop down menus. The user can also make changes to the selected modules list. As per the date, schedule and cohort selected by user examination time table is created. As the user is allowed to choose options from drop down list provided, problems that occur due to typing mistakes can be decreased. Application development and deployment: The steps involved in the development and deployment of application involve Formulating the data interpretation scheme that is sufficient to handle all the requirements of the problem converting all data available to data interpretation scheme Next step is developing the scheduling algorithm that is used to schedule the exams. The application should support the numerous last minute changes during its development and deployment easily. Application Uses: The following are the benefits of Automated Exam Timetabling The initial implementation of program requires a lot of time for data entry and constraint specification. We can reuse the database of previous exams for next exams. Assuming that the constraints are specified correctly, the application should produce the schedule that is conflict free. We can schedule the exam timetable in a short span of time. We can make last minute changes in a short span of time. Shortening the exam period can make the expenses spend on conducting the exams (such as buildings, staff, etc.,) come down. The application benefits from its three tier architecture design. Conclusion: Automated Exam Timetabling software is used to schedule the university exam time table. This is reduces time and complexity involved in scheduling the exam time table manually. This document explains about the space and time complexity involved in scheduling the exam. The application developed is user friendly and it is used to give a graphical look and feel to the user for accessing and entering the information. Automated Exam Timetabling provides all the features that are required for scheduling the exam time table. Implementation of this software at different universities reduces the cost in terms of money and time. Future Uses: Automated Exam timetabling can be extended to schedule the university class time table and school time table School Timetabling: This application is used for scheduling the timetables for weekly classes at higher schools. University Timetabling: This application is used for scheduling the lectures of students of different modules in a university such that they prevent students and lecturers from double booking.

Slavery Essay -- Slavery Essays

Slavery Slavery in America brought about a successful south but also proved to be one of the most terrible things done by humans to humans. Slavery became a way of life in early America. Eight out of the first twelve presidents owned slaves. People in the south benefited from slaves the most. Harvesting those huge cotton fields took many hands. That’s were the slaves became key to the success of the south. Slaves were predominately black Africans. Africans made up the majority but they were not the only ones. Native Americans and even English indentured servants made up the rest of the people put into slavery. There are two different kinds of slaves. There are slaves that stayed in the house and took care of the families, and there were the slaves that worked the land. Domestic slaves were usually women and children. Mean and young boys made up the farm hands. These men worked from sunrise to sundown. Working outside was by far the worst of the two. Some slaves didn’t fall under these to types there were slaves that served as guides, trappers, craft workers and nurses. Jobs that people do not relate slaves with. Slaves had different jobs depending on what of the country they were sent to. Slaves in the north generally worked in the mills and clearing forest. Slaves in the south worked the farms all year. Up north slaves only had to work the farms in the summer months because of the rigorous winters they went through. Domestic slaves stayed in the house picked up after the family, cooked and served meals, cleaned and kept up with the daily chores of the house. It was easier than w orking outside. Slaves were treated as property. Owners had the right to do whatever they wanted to them. They were property, not people. Owners would have the white farm hands stand in the fields and make sure the slaves were working as fast and hard as they could. If they weren’t working as hard as they could and a white farmhand saw it. The slaves would be beaten, and sometimes in severe cases killed. When the owner wasn’t around slaves could interact with each other. Families that came over on the boats were ripped apart at the auction blocks. They were thrown together not knowing each other and had to form some kind of structure to their personal lives. Younger men and women and children looked up the older men and women as parents. Slaves would be put in... ...hat captains could get their hands on. The owners of the ships had to keep the slaves in pretty good shape to get top dollar for them. The white deck hands would bring the slaves on deck and go through and exercise they called â€Å"dance.† The men were forced to jump until the shackles broke they skin on their ankles. The women and children who were not shackled could dance to a rhythm. Slaves enjoyed their exercise because it was the only time they were aloud to move around. If the slaves refused to dance they were beaten with whips. The whips were called â€Å"cat-o-nine-tails† they were made up of nine cords covered with tar; each cord had a knot at the end. When bad weather hit it became very rough for the slaves. The slaves were not aloud to come up on the deck. This is where disease and filth ran through the slaves. In conclusion, slavery although was a big part of the rise of this country. It was looking back, one of the most terrible things done by humans to other humans. Learning from our mistakes took a long time. The Civil War was the point in our history where everyone realized that you could not treat people like animals. That everyone is looked upon as equals.

Happiest Day of My Life Essay

I was excited to the nerve that my father was finally in town and even more when he informed me that he has been given free tickets to the fifa world cup finals 2010 between Spain and Netherlands . i was absolutely thrilled to hear this from him. I am a huge Spain fan as I absolutely adore the club. I was very keyed up about watching Fabregas , David Villa and of course Torres in person as I am a big fan of these players. We took the flight to Johannesburg just the next morning as we had planned. We reached the marvelous place which looked even more marvelous during this FIFA season. We decided to tour the city and went to the nearest shopping mall Oriental Plaza. While on the way to the place my father informed me that this was the city where Mahatama Gandhi stayed 100 years ago. The mall was so named because it gives a taste of the orient in Africa. After this we headed to the stadium. My first impression when I arrived at the stadium was one of awe. A number of people outside the stadium appeared to be singing. I purchased a vuvuzela, got the Spanish flag painted on my face and then proceeded into the stadium and found my seat and felt content I had a good enough view of the pitch. The time for the match came and I grew extremely enthusiastic. The match had a large number of fouls, with both the teams playing equally rough. So much that although the goal scores remained 0-0, the yellow card scores kept raising. The match referee Howard Webb of England had a tough time and the final count was 14 yellow and 1 red card, Netherlands winning here 8-5. The score was 0-0 for the entire 90 minutes of the game and the first 30 minutes extra time as well, with Spain having 57% ball possession and 18 shots with 8 of them on target. Netherlands had 43% possession and 13 total shots with 5 on target. The bookings continued after the break . The dutch had a glorious chance to take the lead in the second half but Arjen Robben, comfortably his team’s strongest attacking weapon, could find no way past Spain captain Iker Casillas. I was at the edge of my seat when in the 116th minute Cesc Fabregas’s pass to the young midfielder Iniesta who struck it into the net making their captain and goal keeper Iker Casillas drop to the floor and cry out tears of joy after the final whistle. This made Spain the first team to win a World Cup after losing their opening game of the tournament. And once again the German octopus Paul Allen’s predictions came true. Then Spain was honoured with the 6. 175kg gold trophy. The Man of the Match was obvoiusly awarded to Andres Iniesta it was followed by a loud roar. And the prestigious Golden Glove Award to their captain and goalkeeper Iker Casillas. The Golden Shoe Award as well as the Best Young Player Award was given to Thomas Mueller of Germany and the Golden Ball was awarded to Diego Forlan of Uruguay.

Business Structures

1 The Desert Enterprise Runing caput: Case survey for the desert endeavor. The Desert Enterprise Abstraction In this instance survey I discuss about the effect of alteration from partnership to incorporation and frailty versa in footings of advantages and disadvantages. The struggles arises when engaging a direction squad and its solution. Amount of net income generated by company and the benefits from company’s portion monetary value. Besides, portion monetary value maximization and attachment to societal and ethical criterions. 1- Discuss the effects of the proposed alteration from a partnership to a corporation in footings of advantages and disadvantages. There are many significances of the suggested alteration from a partnership to a corporation because both partnership and corporation has its ain advantages and disadvantages. In partnership one has to unite his fiscal resources with his spouse. Establish footings with your concern spouse and mark specific concern understanding to protect yourself in instance of any dissension or closing. In partnership both net income and loss has to be shared by both the spouses as per define in concern understanding. Business understanding is developed in the aid of attorney which ensures that:You are screening your securities.Footings of partnership are clearly established work outing the concerns like net income division, fade outing the company, etc.Encounter lawful status for restricted partnership.While corporation is another type of concern. It is done at regional or province degree. When concern is incorporated it means now it is legal entity and is disjointed from shareholders and owners. Before integrating it is better to seek legal advice as you will non be personally responsible for the arrears, duties and Acts of the Apostless of the organisation. In partnership method it is easy to get down partnership as both the spouses has to portion the cost for get downing concern. Share is divided every bit either in direction, net incomes and assets or in losingss and liabilities and debts. It besides has revenue enhancement advantage as you and your spouse has to pay revenue enhancement jointly. But there is no lawful change refering you and your concern. You have to utilize your personal assets to minimise your concern debts. There is a possibility of developing struggles between you and your spouse. You are accountable for the concern determinations prepared by your spouse as it effects you financially for illustration broken contracts. Although in corporate method duties are limited. You can reassign proprietary. Corporation will hold on-going being. It is easier to increase capital in such a concern. Taxs are besides low for an integrated concern. Despite that corporation is purely structured. More dearly-won than partnership or lone proprietary. There is a opportunity of struggle between managers and stockholders. Residency of manager can besides make job It means that if we switch from one to another so possibly we face some jobs and failing at some points and on the other manus we besides find some strength and net income in some points. For illustration in partnership there are more than one concern proprietor while in corporation there is merely one proprietor. It means that it is hard to reassign ownership so we consider it as disadvantage. While in corporation it is advantage as it is easy to reassign ownership in it. 2- Describe potency bureau conflicts that can originate when engaging a direction squad and suggest possible solutions. When chief hires some agent to execute a undertaking, it is set uping an bureau relationship. But when the incentives of the negotiant do non aline with those of the principal this consequences in bureau struggles. There are two primary bureau relationship:Directors and investorsDirectors and creditorsShareholder versus Directors:Conflict between directors and investors/ shareholders arises when directors holds less than 100 % of the company’s common stock.Sometimes director may do some determinations that brush with its best involvements of the shareholder for illustration directors may progress their organisations to get away a coup d'etat effort to increase their personal occupation safety. Though, a coup d'etat may be in the shareholders ‘ finest involvement.Stockholders versus creditors: Creditors decide to impart money to a house centered on the hazardousness of the company, its investing construction and its possible investing construction. These all issues will upset the company ‘s latent hard currency flow, which is a creditors ‘ chief concern. Though, shareholder have control on such determinations along with the directors. As shareholders will do picks founded on their ain best involvements, a possible bureau job takes topographic point between the shareholders and creditors. For illustration, directors could borrow money to buy back portions to maximise stockholder return and decreases corporation shareholder’s base. In this instance Muhammad would wish to engage a squad with cosmopolitan accomplishments indispensable to implement his concern visual image. May be he has to confront troubles sing direction squad as this is wholly new to the company and doesn’t know everything about company. Its mean that he should depict everything about company and so they besides have to make up one's mind either they want to work with you or non and this will besides consequences in wastage of clip to finish his undertaking. Harmonizing to my point of position it is better to develop your hired squad and topographic point strategy and functions for all and sundry should involvement to meet the company objectives. 3- Determine the sum of hard currency the company would bring forth from. Does it count to the company whether the portion monetary value rises subsequent to the IPO? Who benefits from an addition in the company ‘s portion monetary value? The sum of hard currency the company is traveling to bring forth is 5 million issuing portions at BD4. 5 ten 4=20M. Its affairs to the company whether if the portion monetary value is increased following to the IPO ( initial public offering ) . Raising money requires high portion monetary value for any company. As that will let them to publish less portions for sum they want. And if portion monetary value beads so they had to publish more portion on the same sum therefore when portion monetary value additions net income additions and when portion monetary value lessenings net income lessenings and therefore loss takes topographic point. Basically in IPO ( initial public offering ) or APO ( extra public offering ) status investors propose a auxiliary figure of portions of equity in the concern. These portions are all equal so when you buy a portion from company it means you are purchasing some fraction of the company equivalent to that of anyone else who grips one interest of that company. The amount of all portions is equal to full value of that company. Now all these portions are non for public. Largely companies have the bulk of the portions possessed by little figure of pull offing involvements. Now when company want to do money high portion monetary value at the clip of issue is best instance. As company make money when portion merchandising is in its initial phase as when it moves towards 3rd party so company will non acquire any net income. And besides the worth of stock flexible joint on on its demand in market. Fewer portion of the company available in market more the cost it consumes. So the shareholder and stockholders will be successful to acquire net income from an addition in the company’s portion monetary value at its primary sale. As after that it will travel towards 3rd party and the net income of that portion goes to the marketer non to the company. 4- Do you see a trade-off between a company ‘s focal point on portion monetary value maximization and the attachment to societal and ethical criterions? Business moralss are applied in order to vouch that a definite required degree of trust exists between consumers and several signifiers of market members with traffics. For illustration, a portfolio director has to give the same attending to the mixtures of household members and little separate depositors. Such Acts of the Apostless show that public is treated reasonably as investors and stockholders are treated. Yes I see a trade-off between company’s focal point on portion monetary value maximization and the attachment to societal and ethical criterions as in addition in the monetary value of goods and services effects the societal and ethical criterions. That’s mean those clients who have limited net incomes will affected by the company. As to increase company net income it is good to maintain cheque and balance between company’s need and customer’s demand. If you increase portion monetary value so off class it will non be low-cost by low monetary value investors or low income populace. This will bring forth a negative consequence on common public. To maintain interact with common public it is our duty to understand their demands besides. So there are many ways to get the better of such state of affairss. You can present more such offers to fulfill low income consumers. So for this via media takes topographic point between company portion monetary value maximization and attachment to societal and ethical criterions. Mentions: complete usher to corporate finance. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved from www.investopedia.com: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.investopedia.com/walkthrough/corporate-finance/1/agency-problem.aspx stackexchange. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved from personal finanace and money: hypertext transfer protocol: //money.stackexchange.com/questions/16491/how-does-a-high-share-price-benefit-a-company-when-it-is-raising-funds Retrieved from reply: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.answers.com/topic/business-ethics Business Structures 1 The Desert Enterprise Runing caput: Case survey for the desert endeavor. The Desert Enterprise Abstraction In this instance survey I discuss about the effect of alteration from partnership to incorporation and frailty versa in footings of advantages and disadvantages. The struggles arises when engaging a direction squad and its solution. Amount of net income generated by company and the benefits from company’s portion monetary value. Besides, portion monetary value maximization and attachment to societal and ethical criterions. 1- Discuss the effects of the proposed alteration from a partnership to a corporation in footings of advantages and disadvantages. There are many significances of the suggested alteration from a partnership to a corporation because both partnership and corporation has its ain advantages and disadvantages. In partnership one has to unite his fiscal resources with his spouse. Establish footings with your concern spouse and mark specific concern understanding to protect yourself in instance of any dissension or closing. In partnership both net income and loss has to be shared by both the spouses as per define in concern understanding. Business understanding is developed in the aid of attorney which ensures that:You are screening your securities.Footings of partnership are clearly established work outing the concerns like net income division, fade outing the company, etc.Encounter lawful status for restricted partnership.While corporation is another type of concern. It is done at regional or province degree. When concern is incorporated it means now it is legal entity and is disjointed from shareholders and owners. Before integrating it is better to seek legal advice as you will non be personally responsible for the arrears, duties and Acts of the Apostless of the organisation. In partnership method it is easy to get down partnership as both the spouses has to portion the cost for get downing concern. Share is divided every bit either in direction, net incomes and assets or in losingss and liabilities and debts. It besides has revenue enhancement advantage as you and your spouse has to pay revenue enhancement jointly. But there is no lawful change refering you and your concern. You have to utilize your personal assets to minimise your concern debts. There is a possibility of developing struggles between you and your spouse. You are accountable for the concern determinations prepared by your spouse as it effects you financially for illustration broken contracts. Although in corporate method duties are limited. You can reassign proprietary. Corporation will hold on-going being. It is easier to increase capital in such a concern. Taxs are besides low for an integrated concern. Despite that corporation is purely structured. More dearly-won than partnership or lone proprietary. There is a opportunity of struggle between managers and stockholders. Residency of manager can besides make job It means that if we switch from one to another so possibly we face some jobs and failing at some points and on the other manus we besides find some strength and net income in some points. For illustration in partnership there are more than one concern proprietor while in corporation there is merely one proprietor. It means that it is hard to reassign ownership so we consider it as disadvantage. While in corporation it is advantage as it is easy to reassign ownership in it. 2- Describe potency bureau conflicts that can originate when engaging a direction squad and suggest possible solutions. When chief hires some agent to execute a undertaking, it is set uping an bureau relationship. But when the incentives of the negotiant do non aline with those of the principal this consequences in bureau struggles. There are two primary bureau relationship:Directors and investorsDirectors and creditorsShareholder versus Directors:Conflict between directors and investors/ shareholders arises when directors holds less than 100 % of the company’s common stock.Sometimes director may do some determinations that brush with its best involvements of the shareholder for illustration directors may progress their organisations to get away a coup d'etat effort to increase their personal occupation safety. Though, a coup d'etat may be in the shareholders ‘ finest involvement.Stockholders versus creditors: Creditors decide to impart money to a house centered on the hazardousness of the company, its investing construction and its possible investing construction. These all issues will upset the company ‘s latent hard currency flow, which is a creditors ‘ chief concern. Though, shareholder have control on such determinations along with the directors. As shareholders will do picks founded on their ain best involvements, a possible bureau job takes topographic point between the shareholders and creditors. For illustration, directors could borrow money to buy back portions to maximise stockholder return and decreases corporation shareholder’s base. In this instance Muhammad would wish to engage a squad with cosmopolitan accomplishments indispensable to implement his concern visual image. May be he has to confront troubles sing direction squad as this is wholly new to the company and doesn’t know everything about company. Its mean that he should depict everything about company and so they besides have to make up one's mind either they want to work with you or non and this will besides consequences in wastage of clip to finish his undertaking. Harmonizing to my point of position it is better to develop your hired squad and topographic point strategy and functions for all and sundry should involvement to meet the company objectives. 3- Determine the sum of hard currency the company would bring forth from. Does it count to the company whether the portion monetary value rises subsequent to the IPO? Who benefits from an addition in the company ‘s portion monetary value? The sum of hard currency the company is traveling to bring forth is 5 million issuing portions at BD4. 5 ten 4=20M. Its affairs to the company whether if the portion monetary value is increased following to the IPO ( initial public offering ) . Raising money requires high portion monetary value for any company. As that will let them to publish less portions for sum they want. And if portion monetary value beads so they had to publish more portion on the same sum therefore when portion monetary value additions net income additions and when portion monetary value lessenings net income lessenings and therefore loss takes topographic point. Basically in IPO ( initial public offering ) or APO ( extra public offering ) status investors propose a auxiliary figure of portions of equity in the concern. These portions are all equal so when you buy a portion from company it means you are purchasing some fraction of the company equivalent to that of anyone else who grips one interest of that company. The amount of all portions is equal to full value of that company. Now all these portions are non for public. Largely companies have the bulk of the portions possessed by little figure of pull offing involvements. Now when company want to do money high portion monetary value at the clip of issue is best instance. As company make money when portion merchandising is in its initial phase as when it moves towards 3rd party so company will non acquire any net income. And besides the worth of stock flexible joint on on its demand in market. Fewer portion of the company available in market more the cost it consumes. So the shareholder and stockholders will be successful to acquire net income from an addition in the company’s portion monetary value at its primary sale. As after that it will travel towards 3rd party and the net income of that portion goes to the marketer non to the company. 4- Do you see a trade-off between a company ‘s focal point on portion monetary value maximization and the attachment to societal and ethical criterions? Business moralss are applied in order to vouch that a definite required degree of trust exists between consumers and several signifiers of market members with traffics. For illustration, a portfolio director has to give the same attending to the mixtures of household members and little separate depositors. Such Acts of the Apostless show that public is treated reasonably as investors and stockholders are treated. Yes I see a trade-off between company’s focal point on portion monetary value maximization and the attachment to societal and ethical criterions as in addition in the monetary value of goods and services effects the societal and ethical criterions. That’s mean those clients who have limited net incomes will affected by the company. As to increase company net income it is good to maintain cheque and balance between company’s need and customer’s demand. If you increase portion monetary value so off class it will non be low-cost by low monetary value investors or low income populace. This will bring forth a negative consequence on common public. To maintain interact with common public it is our duty to understand their demands besides. So there are many ways to get the better of such state of affairss. You can present more such offers to fulfill low income consumers. So for this via media takes topographic point between company portion monetary value maximization and attachment to societal and ethical criterions. Mentions: complete usher to corporate finance. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved from www.investopedia.com: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.investopedia.com/walkthrough/corporate-finance/1/agency-problem.aspx stackexchange. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved from personal finanace and money: hypertext transfer protocol: //money.stackexchange.com/questions/16491/how-does-a-high-share-price-benefit-a-company-when-it-is-raising-funds Retrieved from reply: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.answers.com/topic/business-ethics

How Static Fields in Java Work

How Static Fields in Java Work There can be times when its useful to have values that are shared across all instances of a particular class. Static fields and static constants enable this type of sharing by belonging to the class and not to the actual objects. The Static Modifier Normally fields and methods defined in a class can be used only when an object of that class type has been created. For example, consider a simple Item class that keeps track of goods in a store: public class Item {   Ã‚  private String itemName;   Ã‚  public Item(String itemName)   Ã‚  {   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this.itemName itemName;   Ã‚  }   Ã‚  public String getItemName()   Ã‚  {   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  return itemName;   Ã‚  } } To be able to use the getItemName() method, we must first create an Item object, in this case, catFood: public class StaticExample {   Ã‚  public static void main(String[] args) {   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Item catFood new Item(Whiskas);   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  System.out.println(catFood.getItemName());   Ã‚  } } However, if the static modifier is included in a field or method declaration, no instance of the class is required in order to use the field or method - they are  associated with the class and not an individual object. If you look back at the above example, you will see that the static modifier is already being used in the main method declaration: public static void main(String[] args) { The main method is a static method that does not require an object to exist before it can be called. As main() is the starting point for any Java application, there are in fact no objects already in existence to call it. You could, if you felt like having a program that continually calls itself, do this: public class StaticExample {   Ã‚  public static void main(String[] args) {   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  String[] s {random,string};   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  StaticExample.main(s);   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  } } Not very useful, but notice how the main() method can be called without an instance of a StaticExample class. What Is a Static Field? Static fields are also known as class fields. They are simply fields that have the static modifier in their declarations. For example, lets go back to the Item class and add a static field: public class Item {   Ã‚  //static field uniqueId   Ã‚  private static int uniqueId 1;   Ã‚  private int itemId;   Ã‚  private String itemName;   Ã‚  public Item(String itemName)   Ã‚  {   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this.itemName itemName;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  itemId uniqueId;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  uniqueId;   Ã‚  } } The fields itemId and itemName are normal non-static fields. When an instance of an Item class is created, these fields will have values that are held inside that object. If another Item object is created, it too will have itemId and itemName fields for storing values. The uniqueId static field, however, holds a value that will be the same across all Item objects. If there are 100 Item objects, there will be 100 instances of the itemId and itemName fields, but only one uniqueId static field. In the above example, uniqueId is used to give each Item object a unique number. This is easy to do if every Item object that is created takes the current value in the uniqueId static field and then increments it by one. The use of a static field means that each object does not need to know about the other objects to get a unique id. This could be useful if you wanted to know the order in which the Item objects were created. What Is a Static Constant? Static constants are exactly like static fields except that their values cannot be changed. In the field declaration, the final and static modifiers are both used. For example, perhaps the Item class should impose a restriction on the length of the itemName. We could create a static constant maxItemNameLength: public class Item {   Ã‚  private static int id 1;   Ã‚  public static final int maxItemNameLength 20;   Ã‚  private int itemId;   Ã‚  private String itemName;   Ã‚  public Item(String itemName)   Ã‚  {   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  if (itemName.length() maxItemNameLength)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  {   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this.itemName itemName.substring(0,20);   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  }   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  else   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  {   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this.itemName itemName;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  }   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  itemId id;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  id;   Ã‚  } } As with static fields, static constants are associated with the class rather than an individual object: public class StaticExample {   Ã‚  public static void main(String[] args) {   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Item catFood new Item(Whiskas);   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  System.out.println(catFood.getItemName());   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  System.out.println(Item.maxItemNameLength);   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  } } There are two important things to notice about the maxItemNameLength static constant: It is declared as a public field. Generally its a bad idea to make a field public in any class you design but in this case, it doesnt matter. The value of the constant cannot be changed.The static constant is used from the class name Item, not an Item object. Static constants can be seen throughout the Java API. For example, the integer wrapper class has two that store the maximum and minimum values an int data type can have: System.out.println(The max value for int is: Integer.MAX_VALUE); System.out.println(The min value for int is: Integer.MIN_VALUE); Output: The max value for int is: 2147483647 The min value for int is: -2147483648

Ecological Footprint essays

Ecological Footprint essays As you read down through my ecological footprint summary, you can see that there is a huge problem with the amount of resources that I use. If everyone lived like me, there would be a need for six and a half planets to keep the system of our vast planet from shutting down. We all grew up with buzz words like acid rain, ozone layer, global warming, Exxon Valdez, Cheronobyl, and so on. We didn't have to learn about the environmental movement, we were born into it. The big reason why you should buy locally produced food is simple,trucks spew exhaust and trucks that travel further spew more exhaust. Favour products that are produced locally less distance means less pollution It's a matter of math that a reduced meat lifestyle has less impact on the environment. It takes 4 lbs of cereal grains to make 1 lb of chicken; eating meat is essentially an inefficient way of eating vegetable products. When we eat grains in this manner, much more has to be produced then we really needthat means more pesticides, more water wasted, more transportation, etc. It's true that a lot of beef cattle just range on grass but there are still the issues of methane (one of the most potent greenhouse gases) from livestock, antibiotics in our food, soil erosion, and the treatment of animals An "Ecological Footprint" is a measure of the "load" imposed on the natural environment by a given population and represents the land area necessary to sustain current levels of resource consumption and waste discharge by the population. Human activities such as eating, traveling, heating homes, and purchasing consumer items all contribute to ecological footprints. Yet, the Earth's population grows by nearly 100 million people each year. And all over the planet ,productive ecosystems and farms are being converted into subdivisions, parking lots, industrial parks, shopping malls and highways - all ecological wastelands.the automobile, fast a ...