Dramatic irony is when the audience or reader knows the...

Dramatic irony is when the audience or reader knows the words and actions of the characters in a work of literature, but certain characters in the story do not know them. The reader or audience has a greater knowledge of many of the characters themselves. Shakespeare employs dramatic irony in many of his tragedies; so that the audience is engaged, and so they are able to witness characters errors in their action, predict the fate of the characters, and experience feelings of tragedy and grief. As a tragedy, Hamlet deals with the problems that arise as a result of Hamlets attempt to avenge his fathers death. Throughout the play Hamlet is on the search of his self, while his actions are shaping who he really is. As he is attempting to†¦show more content†¦His intellectual powers are of the highest order.† (Kittredge, 18) The irony found in the characterization of the antagonist is balanced by an equal irony in the presentation of the protagonist. Hamlet is present at the court gathering dressed in black, the color of mourning, for his deceased father. He is not a man of the world, but rather protesting and thoughtful and by himself. His first words say that Claudius is A little more than kin and less than kind, indicating a dissimilarity in values between the new king and himself, thus, in a sense, demoting himself to the position of an outcast, one who counts for nothing. At this point Hamlet is disoriented and does not know who he really is; he is beginning to lose his sanity. And, incredibly, he is the greatest of people, in terms of what really matters in life – one’s spiritual ideals or morals. He is combating himself because he is attempting to do what is right for Denmark but before everyone’s eyes he is evil. This outcast is a prince; he is a genius. His speeches confront problems â€Å"which most easily besets men of genius† (Coleridge, 345). His first soliloquy illustrate his idealism by emphasizing the worthlessness of the corrupt world and the frailty of women, which contribute to his raging madness, O, that this too too solid flesh would melt Thaw and resolve itself into aShow MoreRelatedDramatic Irony in the Crucible862 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 10, essay The Crucible, option 2 In â€Å"The Crucible†, Arthur Miller uses dramatic irony to create anxiety, frustration and to demonstrate the tension between the people about the lies of witchcraft in Salem. I. The author creates tension in the story by using Abigail who accuses innocent people of witchery. 1.) Abigail wants Elizabeth to get hanged so she can be back with John again. 2.) Abigail turns herself against Mary Warren after she confessed in court. II. The author createsRead MoreEssay about Dramatic Irony in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet877 Words   |  4 Pagessuicides. Shakespeare uses dramatic irony throughout the play to create tension for the audience and foreshadow the ending. Dramatic irony is when the words or actions of characters in a story have a different meaning to the reader than to the characters. This is because the reader knows something that the characters do not. Romeo and Juliet’s death could have been prevented if the characters in the story weren’t so ignorant of their situations, and often times the reader recognizes this. TheRead MoreEssay about Deception in Shakespeares Taming of the Shrew910 Words   |  4 Pagesis one of the major concepts. A tangled web is created in the play through deception of character behavior and the change between clothing and class. Most of the deception in the play have particular motives behind them and create dramatic irony. Shakespeare has used dramatic irony to create a comedic play. Character deception in The Taming of the Shrew is used largely, and Lucentio one of the main characters in the play uses deception throughout some of the first few acts. Lucentio, upon seeingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1172 Words   |  5 Pageshelp develop the characters in Hamlet. One dominant device is irony. The main plot of the story revolves around irony. Hamlet is a witty character and loves to use irony. Hamlet’s use of irony displays how he insults people, discovers useful information, and reveals his true character. The use of irony in this story helps to add depth to each character, which is why Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most complex stories. There are three types of irony: verbal, situational, and dramatic. Hamlet uses allRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado1232 Words   |  5 PagesPoe’s Irony To develop the analytical paper about the text â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe, some sources will be used to support the thesis statement, which is â€Å"The author uses irony in the text to illustrate the murder of Fortunado by Montresor, who seeks salvation through death†. Also, there is going to be an analysis on the irony found in the text in relation with the story. To support this thesis, I am going to use some examples from some sources such as â€Å"Literary analysis: IronyRead MoreEssay about Dramatic Irony in Hamlet1199 Words   |  5 PagesDramatic Irony is Hamlet What is Dramatic Irony? -Dramatic Irony is when the words and actions of the characters in a work of literature are known to the audience or reader, but they are not known to certain characters in the story. The reader or audience has a greater knowledge of many of the characters themselves. -Shakespeare employs dramatic irony in many of his tragedies, so that the audience is engaged, and so they are able to witness characters errors in their action, predict the fateRead MoreThe Importance Of Literature In Literature1077 Words   |  5 Pageseffective manner to continue to be relied upon in modern texts to keep audiences captivated. Motifs were used in Shakespeare’s time and are still used today to relay the overall theme of a literary work back to the readers. In the book, Pay It Forward, a common theme is for the characters to be altruistic and not selfish. Mrs. Greenberg, a member of Trevor’s project died and is trying to move the selflessness along to more people, â€Å"And when they try to pay you back, pay it forward,† (Hyde 112). A motifRead MoreOedipus the King1065 Words   |  5 PagesSophocles’ use of irony is amongst the greatest of all time, as demonstrated masterfully in Oedipus the King. He displays both ambition and understated humour by using irony in diverse ways, both cosmic and dramatic, as well as verbal irony to add a greater level of wit. Every word spoken holds great symbolic weight and those words contribute to a narrative that reflects the gods plans. Adversely the work of Johnathan Swift takes the form of a social satire, combining economic arguments with a sociopoliticalRead MoreIrony : The Story Of An Hour935 Words   |  4 PagesIrony is the â€Å"literacy language or literary style in which actions, events, or words are the opposite of what readers expect† (McWhorter 986). In the short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† the author shows irony throughout to create a dramatic effect. She starts the story off with talking about a woman, Mrs. Mallard who has just lost her husband in a railroad accident. Throughout the start of the story, many details are revealed through dramatic iron and situational irony. Kate Chopin adds mysteryRead MoreVerbal Irony In Harry Potter1711 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish defines irony as a literary technique, originally used in Greek tragedy, by which the full significance of a character s words or actions is clear to the audience or reader although unknown to the character. Irony― the difference between appearance and reality ―is a literary device evident throughout all literature as either situational irony, dramatic irony, or verbal irony. Surprising readers, situational irony contradicts the expected outcome of the story. For example, the audience of the Harry

Thousand Cranes By Yasunari Kawabata - 1194 Words

When it comes to emotions, there is always a reason as to why one experiences them. Happiness can be due to getting a favorite toy, jealousy at another’s position, hatred due to one’s actions, and so on. Even sub-categories are due to an occurrence bringing it forth. For instance, suffering, one doesn’t suffer randomly, it happens because it was the effect of some cause. One of the biggest causes being unfulfilled desire; depending on the significance of the desire the greater the suffering. In the novel Thousand Cranes by Yasunari Kawabata there is this intricate web of suffering that takes place between the main characters, Kikuji, his father’s, Chikako, Mrs. Ota, and Fumiko. All as an outcome of unfulfilled desire. For Yasunari Kawabata, suffering is a close friend to him. At the age of two he lost his father, and as the years went on he would eventually lose his mother, sister and grandparents; he would be alone by an early age. As the years went on he would loss his wife, child, best friend, and eventually, take his own life. Before his death, this repeated loss would create a fear of intimacy and would reflect in his novels, as stated in the article Kawabata, â€Å"Kawabata s obsessive theme is loneliness and the impossibility of love. It is frequently said, no doubt correctly, that the facts of his childhood account for the sadness of his world...His heroes and heroines spend a great deal of time making love, and yet love does not come to them.† These theme of a fear ofShow MoreRelatedThousand Cranes By Yasunari Kawabata2175 Words   |  9 Pagesthe biggest causes being unfulfilled desire; depending on the significance of the desire the greater the suffering. In the novel Thousand C ranes by Yasunari Kawabata there is this intricate web of suffering that occurs between the main characters, Kikuji, his father’s, his father’s mistresses and Fumiko. All as an outcome of unfulfilled desire. For Yasunari Kawabata, suffering is a close friend to him. At the age of two he lost his father, as the years went on he would eventually lose his motherRead MoreThousand Cranes By Yasunari Kawabata1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel Thousand Cranes by Yasunari Kawabata exposes the emerging movement from tradition to westernization in post-war Japan. Kawabata enriches his novel with a variety of intricate relationships between children and their parents, exposing how loss of tradition begins at home. Ironically, Kawabata then depicts how even teachers of tradition manipulate it with their hate and jealousy to achieve their sinister motives, tainting the new generation’s knowledge of tradition and thus moving them awayRead MoreThe Bluest Eye And Yasunari Kawabata s Thousand Cranes1345 Words   |  6 Pagesused today and convey different meanings depending upon one’s cultural background. Hence, the significance of a symbol is not inherent in the symbol itself but is ra ther cultivated in society. Both Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye and Yasunari Kawabata’s Thousand Cranes explore the significance of such symbols, focusing on the basal reader of Dick and Jane and the ritualized practice of the Japanese Tea Ceremony, respectively. These two symbols, while disparate on the surface, share fundamental similaritiesRead More A Comparison of the Heat and Cold Imagery Used in Woman at Point Zero and Thousand Cranes1142 Words   |  5 Pagesand Cold Imagery Used in Woman at Point Zero and Thousand Cranes In the books Woman at Point Zero by Nawal El Saadawi, and Thousand Cranes by Yasunari Kawabata, both authors use various forms of imagery that reoccur throughout the works. These images are used not to be taken for their literal meanings, but instead to portray a deeper sense or feeling that may occur several times in the book. One type of imagery that both Saadawi and Kawabata use in their works is heat and cold imagery. InRead MoreThe Tea House By Lao She1646 Words   |  7 Pagespeople surviving is slim. In comparison to Lao She s Tea House, Yasunari Kawabata s Thousand Cranes takes on a different approach. Kawabata s moral vision was divided between a respect for the greater moral coherence of the past and a realism about the degeneracy and freedom of the modern world. Yasunari Kawabata was born in Osaka in 1899. In 1968, he became the first Japanese writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. Kawabata served as the chairman of the P.E.N. Club of Japan for severalRead MoreAnalysis Of Yasunari Kawabatas Thousand Cranes1433 Words   |  6 Pagesasked what he thought of western civilization, answering that â€Å"it would be a very good idea†, and in Yasunari Kawabata’s Thousand Cranes, Kawabata exposes the emerging movement from tradition to westernization in post-war Japan. Kawabata enriches his novel with a variety of intricate relationships between children and their parents, exposing how the loss of tradition begins at home. Ironically, Kawabata then depicts ho w even the teachers of tradition manipulate it with their hate and jealousy, tainting

Stanford Prison Study free essay sample

This experiment helped psychologists to better understand conformity and human nature. The objective was to watch the interaction between the two groups of men without an obviously malevolent authority. Description The study took place in the basement of Stanford University by a small group of researchers during the summer or 1971. These researches were led by a man named Philip Zimbardo. 24 male students out of more than 70 applicants were chosen to be a part of the study. They would each earn 15 dollars a day to participate for 2 weeks (roughly equivalent to $85 in 2012). They each got randomly assigned roles of prisoners and guards in a mock prison located in the basement of the Stanford psychology building. The mock prison was basically a stimulated prison. It consisted of three 6 foot by 9 foot cells, and a 2 foot by 2 foot room with no windows that was known as the black box. We will write a custom essay sample on Stanford Prison Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each cell had 3 prisoners, and they were punished by being put in the black box. The men who participated adapted to their roles extremely well ased on Zimbardos expectations, as the guards demanded some of the prisoners to psychological torture. Many prisoners passively accepted psychological abuse and listened to the all of what the guards would say. Some would willingly harass any of the other prisoners who even attempted to prevent the abuse. Researchers were exploring the destructive behavior of men towards each other over a period of time. The results of this study were shocking. Discussion The outcomes of the Stanford Prison study were outrageous; such was the abuse towards the prisoners in the experiment. The study turned out so bad, that it was dismissed after only 6 days. Parents were threatening to get a lawyer to get their son out of the study, and they also began to realize that the guards were enhancing their abuse to the prisoners in the middle of the night when no one was watching. Because of this harsh treatment by the guards, the prisoners were developing large amounts of depression and stress and 5 prisoners had to be sent home. Zimbardo helped to make a conformity bias where the focus on obedience is so strong as to unclear evidence of struggling and disobeying. However, their arguments proved powerful because they seemed to merge with a real-world example. People descend into tyranny Zimbardo suggested, because they conform unthinkingly to the toxic roles that authorities prescribe without the need for specific orders: brutality was a natural consequence of being in the uniform of a guard and asserting the power inherent in that role. The study shows that cruelty is a natural and unavoidable consequence of the motivation of humans to do exactly what authority says, whoever it is and whatever they want us to do. Personal reflection I believe that Zimbardo had a good idea originally, but his plans were not thought out completely. I dont think there is any way that you can give that much authority to someone without rules and not expect them to abuse it like the participants did. In my opinion, it was a good idea to end the case early because of the harsh treatment towards the prisoners. It caused them so much depression, only for getting 15 dollars a day They did nothing wrong to get treated like think it was an awtul way to do this experiment. It was a big sigh of relief to men when I was reading about the experiment that the study ended early. Conclusion The Stanford Prison study played a huge role in the study of psychology. The results of the experiment have been argued to prove the impressionability and the obedience of people when provided with an official person of authority. The experiment has also been used to demonstrate mental dissonance theory and the power that authority has on people. This experiment showed that the situation, instead of their individual personalities, caused the participants behavior.

Supply And Demand Essays (287 words) - Economics, Economy, Demand

Supply And Demand Supply & Demand In this article it went into great detail about Supply , Demand and Equilibrium of Pokemon Cards. The article explained how during Christmas there was a flood of Pokemon Cards to the Market Place - the area within which buyers and sellers of a good or service interact and engage in exchange. It stated how the Supply - set of quantities of a good or service per unit of time that sellers would be willing to place on the market at various alternative prices of an item or other things being equal , increase rapidly this being called a Supply Shock. It then went into details that if the market was flooded with these Pokemon cards at Christmas the n the price value of the cards would drop. But not necessarily because of Demand - amounts of a product that consumers are willing and able to buy at each price in a set of possible prices at a time. If the kids that received Pokemon for Christmas are new to the market then there might be a shift in demand, unlike the kids that have already been into the market with Pokemon Cards. So there could be a rise in the price or a decrease depending on the demand. The article illustrates greatly on the Quantity Supplied - amount of a good or service that people are willing to sell, Quantity Demanded - amount of a good or service that people are willing to purchase. Supply Curve - as prices rise the quantity that people are willing to sell rises (Law of Supply). Demand Curve - as prices rise the quantity that people are willing to buy falls (Law of Demand). Equilibrium - reached when supply equals quantity demanded. Economics Essays

German First Names and Their English Equivalents

German First Names and Their English Equivalents Anyone researching names soon becomes aware that, because of spelling variations and other changes, it is often difficult to determine the true origin of a name, particularly family names. Many names were altered (Americanized, anglicized) for various reasons. Just one example: The German last name  Schà ¶n  (beautiful) became  Shane, a change that deceptively hides its German origin. Not all German first or last names have an English equivalent, but many do. We wont bother with obvious ones like Adolf, Christoph, Dorothea (dor-o-taya), Georg (gay-org), Michael (meech-ah-el), Monika (mow-ni-kah), Thomas (tow-mas), or Wilhelm (vil-helm). They may be pronounced differently but the resemblance is hard to miss. First Names (Vornamen) Adalbert/Albrecht (Albert)Alois (Aloysius)Anja/Antje/Anke (Anna)Brbel  (Barbara)Beke (north German form of Bertha)Bernd/Bernt (Bernard)Birgit (Swedish form of Brigitte, which is actually a Celtic name)Dolf (short form from names ending in - dolf)Dorle (Dora, Dot, Dorothy)Eugen (oy-gen, Eugene)Franz (Frank)Gabi (form of Gabriele)Gerhard (Gerald)Gottfried (Geoffrey, Jeffrey, Godfrey)Greta (Margaret)Hans/Jens/Johann(es) (Jack, John, Jonathan)Heinrich/Heino/Heinz (Henry)Ilse (Elizabeth)Jakob (James)Jà ¶rg/Jà ¼rgen (George)Jutta (Judy/Judith)Karl/Karla (Charles/Carol)Karsten/Carsten/Kersten (variation of Christian)Katrin (C/Katherine)Kirsten/Kirstin (Christine)Lars (Larry), Leni (Helen/e)Ludwig  (Lewis/Louis)Margit (Martha)Matthias (Mathew)Nastasja (Anastasia),Nils (Nick)Ninja (neen-ya, Nina)Peer (Peter)Reinhold (Reginald)Renate (Renee)Rolf (Rudolph)Rà ¼diger/Rudi (Roger, Rudolph)Sepp (form of Joseph)Silke (Frisian form of Cecily/Cecilia)Steffi (Stephanie)Thea (short form of Doroth ea)Theo (Theodore) Wim (form of Wilhelm).   Female German  First Names These female german names do not have an English equivalent. Ada/AddaAdelheid (Heidi is the familiar form)Astrid, Beate, Brunhild(e)Dagmar (from Danish)DietrunEffi/Elfriede/ElfiEike (also male)ElkeFraukeFriedel (related to Elfriede)GerdaGerlindeGertrud(e)GiselaGunthild(e)HarmkeHedwigHeidrunHeikeHelgaHilde/HildegardHildrunHilkeImkeIrmaIrmgardIrmtraudIngeborgKaiKriemhildLudmillaMarleneMathildeMeinhildOttilieRoswithaSentaSieglindeSigridSigrunSonjaTanja (from Russian)ThedaTilla/TilliTraudeTrudiUlrikeUnaUrsula/UschiUte/UtaWaltraudWilhelmineWinifred Male First Names These male german names do not have an English equivalent. AchimBodo/Bot(h)oDagobert (no, not Dogbert!)Detlef/DetlevDieter,DietmarDirkEberhardEckehard/EckartEgonEmil (masculine form of Emily,  Emilio in Span)EngelbertErhard/ErhartFalkoGandolfGerd/Gert,Golo, Gunt(h)erGustav (from Swedish)Hartmut,HartwigHelgeHelmutHolger (from Danish)HorstIngomarJoachim (Achim)KaiKnutManfredNorbertOdo/UdoOtmarOttoRainer (rye-ner)ReinholdSiegfriedSiegmund/SigmundSà ¶nkTorsten/ThorstenTillUlfUlrich/UliUweVeitVilmarVolkerWaldemarWern(h)erWielandWigandWolfgangWolfram

Cover Letter Sample English Teacher Job

Cover Letter Sample English Teacher Job SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Teaching's a competitive field, so a stand-out cover letter's a must for serious applicants. In the sample below, the applicant is applying to teach English as a Second Language to international students. Read on to see why the writer thinks he'd be a great match for the position. Then continue scrolling for an analysis of what this sample cover letter does well. Cover Letter for English Teacher Position Jon Snowman1 Wall Road, North Reading, MA 01864606-060-6066 âÅ" ´ jon.snowman@gmail.com May 1, 2016 Lucia GomezSchool Director English Learning Center60 Center St.Boston, MA 02108 Dear Ms. Gomez, I was excited to find your posting for an English as a Second Language teacher with English Learning Center on Craigslist.com. Upon researching your school, I strongly identified with its mission of cross-cultural communication and global citizenship. I am confident that I would make an excellent addition to your teaching team because of my passion for helping students, my teaching and cultural experiences, and my TEFL qualifications. I taught ESL to beginner, intermediate, and advanced students of various cultural and linguistic backgrounds in Madrid for one year. Before stepping into this role, I earned my TEFL certification after completing an on-site 120-hour course. Through my teaching experiences and TEFL studies, I developed critical pedagogic and classroom management skills, along with a passion for teaching English. I'm equipped with the Communicative Teaching Method, a philosophy that I’m excited to see you use at English Learning Center. I apply this method in the classroom through interactive, student-centered activities that maximize â€Å"student talk time.† I scaffold my lessons so that they include pair and group work, as well as movement around the classroom. By engaging students in speaking, grammar, writing, listening, and reading and appealing to diverse learning styles, I help them improve their accuracy and fluency across key skill areas. After living in Spain, I understand both the excitement and the challenges that accompany learning a new language and living abroad. In my classes, I typically set aside five to ten minutes at the start of each class for students to share their â€Å"highs† and â€Å"lows† for the week, a ritual that mystudents have appreciated as they adapted to new surroundings. I aim to support students’ social-emotional well-being as they learn English and deepen their global awareness. I look forward to speaking with you to discuss your specific needs at English Language Center and my ability to meet them. I'd be thrilled to join a team of globally-minded educators dedicated to high-quality language instruction. Please feel free to contact me at 606-060-6066 or jon.snowman@gmail.com. Thank you very much for your consideration. Sincerely, Jon Snowman Jon Snowman Will this cover letter help Jon get an ESL teaching job stateside? ESL Teacher Cover Letter: The Breakdown Jon is applying to an ESL teaching position with English Language Center. In his cover letter, hereflects an understanding of the school by referring to its mission statement in the first paragraph. He also shows that he knows it uses the Communicative Teaching Method as the basis for its curriculum, a method with which he’s familiar. Jon describes his skills and qualifications in terms of his TEFL certification, lesson planning abilities, and efforts to establish a comfortable classroom environment. He specifies that his lessons focus on pair and group work to maximize conversation among students, and he gives an example of a â€Å"high/low† activity he uses to support students emotionally as they adapt to a new culture. By giving specifics, Jon illustrates his instructional skills and teaching methodology. His letter is clearly organized and provides insight into his experiences. Overall, Jon's cover letter shows that he’s a thoughtful teacher dedicated to ESL instruction. Before heading to the next sample, consider one important note about the letter's format. A Note on Format The letter above features a traditional format with Jon's name, address, and contact information at the top, followed by the date and the name and address of the hiring manager. He also signs and prints his name at the bottom. This format is spot on for cover letters sent as a hard copy or as an attachment in a Word document. These days, though, lots of jobs have applicants send their cover letters in the body of an email or pasted into a text box on their application site. If you're sending a cover letter in the body of an email or text box, then you usually don't have to worry about these headers. You can just start right in with the salutation (e.g., Dear Ms. Wassername) and type your name at the end. Make sure to read and follow any application instructions so you know exactly how to send your materials. In addition to being thoughtful about your cover letter's content, you can be intentional aboutyour letter's format and overall look. What's Next? Do you need a degree to be an English teacher? Learn more about the qualifications you'll need to teach in the U.S. with this article. Ready to read another sample? Check out this sample cover letter for the job of Marketing Manager! Are you looking for our full cover letter guide? Head back to the complete guide here with links to five more cover letter samples. Are you starting at the beginning? This guide has a universal cover letter template to guide your writing, along with great tips to produce the best cover letter you can.

Cost Life Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cost Life Cycle - Essay Example There are techniques for estimating the cost of choosing the "wrong" project alternative. Deterministic techniques, such as sensitivity analysis or breakeven analysis, are easily done without the need for additional resources or information. They produce a single-point estimate of how uncertain input data affect the analysis outcome. Probabilistic techniques, on the other hand, quantify risk exposure by deriving probabilities of achieving different values of economic worth from probability distributions for input values that are uncertain. However, they have greater informational and technical requirements than deterministic techniques. Whether one or the other technique is chosen depends on factors such as the size of the project, its importance, and the resources available. Since sensitivity analysis and break-even analysis are two approaches that are simple to perform, they should be part of every LCCA. To identify critical parameters, arrive at estimates of upper and lower bounds, or answer "what if" questions, simply change the value of each input up or down, holding all others constant, and recalculate the economic measure to be tested. Decision-makers sometimes want to know the maximum cost of an input that will allow the project to still break even, or conversely, what minimum benefit a project can produce and still cover the cost of the investment. To perform a break-even analysis, benefits and costs are set equal, all variables are specified, and the break-even variable is solved algebraically. Design optimization on cost basis is also carried out under LCCA to hit upon the model, which would lead to higher performance at lower costs and competitiveness in a systematic and efficient manner. Safety, reliability and cost efficiency can be achieved through design optimization in the pre-launch phase itself. References 1. www.nianet.org/salectureseries/pdfs/Unal_041106.pdf 2.

Trade Mark Dilution in EU Comparing with USA Essay

Trade Mark Dilution in EU Comparing with USA - Essay Example Blurring and tarnishment have been recognized in the anti dilution laws of the European Union. There have been controversies surrounding various organizations in the world on the use of trade marks. Companies have claimed that their competitors or other organizations have been using their trademark thereby affecting their market base as well bas competition. Trade mark dilution refers to the use of a similar trade mark by another company. However there are misunderstandings as to whether the products registered under the trade mark should be similar or different. In the European Union, courts have ruled otherwise that the use of similar trademarks but different goods under the trade mark does not lead to trade mark dilution1. The European Union has put in place measures to curb dilution of trade marks; they ensure that there is no unfair advantage on the use of a trade mark on their poor quality products that can harm the products reputation and character. The most widespread term ap plied is known as the protection against â€Å"free riding† on the trade mark. It is also important to note that the unfair advantage in the use of trade mark, blurring and tarnishment are grouped together in the same sub article in their laws. In the United States, there is no major link in the application of laws between dilution protection and unfair advantage over the use of trade mark2. There are three aspects in which dilution differ from other forms of infringement in the European Union. The first aspect involves the confusion in which the consumer cannot differentiate the original trade mark and its usage on other junior products. Secondly, dilution can also involve the use of trade mark on different goods. This differs in traditional forms of protection where the difference in types of goods represented by the same trade mark was not a big issue. It was difficult to actually show the level of confusion when the goods were dissimilar from those of the senior user of t he trade mark. Finally, dilution is generally applied in cases whereby the consumers have a common knowledge of the trade mark and the goods it represent3. The controversy surrounding dilution is based on its differences from confusion based infringement. In Europe as well as in the United States, the focus is on the use of a similar trade mark but with dissimilar goods. Infringement actions involved situations whereby the goods under the trade mark were similar and thus confusing the consumers4. The Argument The application of anti dilution laws in Europe are more complicated. The formulation of trade mark laws brought about different perspectives in the application of the law. The main concern has been on the unfair advantage enjoyed by the junior users of a trade mark rather that the harm caused to the trade mark. Unfair competition was the main driving force behind the use of trademarks by other companies. For example, in France, a company had to show that its trade mark suffere d harm fro its usage by other companies. However, the use of a trade mark to achieve competitive advantage was also termed as a form of harm to the trade mark. In Germany, a company had to show how it was affected in competition by the use of its trade mark by other competitors. Competition should be understood to mean competition for the trade mark and on situations whereby the junior user of the trademark would use the mark on dissimilar goods5. Article 5(2) of the

The beauty of nature is so intense it can be overwhelming Essay Example for Free

The beauty of nature is so intense it can be overwhelming Essay In comparing and contrasting â€Å"How the old Mountains drip with Sunset† with at least one other poem, compare and contrast how the awesome aspect of nature is depicted in your collection. The poems â€Å"How the old Mountains drip with Sunset† by Emily Dickinson and â€Å"Beeny Cliff† by Thomas Hardy both present nature as intensely beautiful with the critic Blackmur claiming that: â€Å"those poems where [Emily Dickinson] describes the effect of nature upon a sensitive observer are most effective†¦ truly beautiful†. The awesome aspect of nature is depicted in a number of different ways but most importantly through structure, sound and repetition, natural imagery, and colour. There are a number of structural similarities and differences within these poems. The exclamations of â€Å"how† within â€Å"How the old Mountains drip with Sunset† introduce a note of amazement into the poem. Similarly, â€Å"o† in â€Å"Beeny Cliff† is suggestive as an address, but also as a lament. This can be inferred to reflect that the beauty of nature is so overwhelming that the poetic voice cannot help but sigh over the memories that were captured in the landscape of â€Å"Beeny Cliff†. In â€Å"How the old Mountains drip with Sunset†, the idiosyncratic capitalisations personify the sunset, but also control the emphasis on the significance of the details within the landscape. The dashes are suggestive of punctuating the poem with emotional thoughts and excitement. As every new idea strikes the poetic voice, a dash is used to separate each one. The interjection â€Å"-Sapphire-† in the line â€Å"with a departing –Sapphire- feature† suggests the sudden registration of the vivid brilliant colour in nature. In the last line â€Å"Paralyzed, with Gold-†, the dash suggests the continuation of excitement, and the expectant waiting for the next detail of beauty nature will provide next. In contrast to this, the dashes in â€Å"-elsewhere-† in â€Å"Beeny Cliff† set the word in isolation, suggesting the separation of Hardy and his wife by death. This emphasises the strength of emotion and acute pain Hardy experiences due to nature and death, and so expresses the overwhelming beauty of nature through nature’s power. In â€Å"Beeny Cliff† the use of polysyndeton in the repetition of â€Å"and† suggests a chain of events. This reflects the continuity of nature and human life, but also serves to slow down the pace of the poem, until the third and fourth stanzas of â€Å"Beeny Cliff† are simply a description of the beauty of Beeny Cliff, with connotations of the death of Hardy’s wife. This could imply that the beauty  of nature demands to be described and perhaps even associated with emotions and memories. Similarly, in â€Å"How the old Mountains drip with Sunset† the anaphora of â€Å"how† is suggestive of the intensity of wonder at the sunset. With each repetition, the poetic voice expresses her admiration of each new marvel she observes, as well as the sheer variety and number of visual splendours in the landscape. The shift in description of the sea in â€Å"Beeny Cliff† from a â€Å"wandering western sea† into a â€Å"wild weird western shore† suggests the beauty of nature changes into an overwhelmingly alien and strange, and almost evil and foreboding landscape once death occurs. The AAA rhyme scheme of â€Å"Beeny Cliff† strengthens the idea of the unchangeable ability and permanence of nature, while the plosive sounds of â€Å"still in chasmal beauty bulks old Beeny† evoke a sense of bitterness in the fac t that the beauty of nature remains even after the death of Hardy’s wife. In â€Å"How the old Mountains drip with Sunset†, the half rhymes focuses and concentrates the admiration and emotional energy of the reader and the poetic voice on the sense that the scene is continually evolving. Furthermore, the half rhymes may also suggest that every sunset is unique in its beauty. The beauty of nature is also expressed in its comparison to humanity. In â€Å"How the old Mountains drip with Sunset†, Dickinson references the artists Titian, Domenichino and Guido who were all famous for their rich colours, in particular Titian’s vivid golden red hair in his paintings. However these artists cannot capture the magnificence of the red and gold sunset, thus creating a sense of irony. This suggests the beauty of nature as human artists are confounded by the brilliance of the sunset, and are so overwhelmed by its impossibility to paint that they cannot capture it. Domenichino â€Å"dropped his pencil-/Paralyzed, with Gold†, in which the image of a dropped pencil reflects the artist’s shock at the radiance of the sunset and is almost comical, thus alluding to how the attempts to paint the sunset must seem comical and pale in significance to the real thing . This suggests that the beauty of nature is so overwhelming that it is able to surprise even great artists and even overpower them. In â€Å"Beeny Cliff†, Beeny Cliff itself is used as a contrast to mankind. Its â€Å"chasmal beauty† is juxtaposed with â€Å"the woman†, who â€Å"now is -elsewhere†, is reflective of the contrast between the constancy of nature against the mortality of human life. This is further illuminated in the opposition of â€Å"still†, which  highlights the eternal nature of the cliff and therefore nature, with â€Å"now†, which implies the mutability of human life. This is suggestive of the awesome aspect of nature in its ability to stay forever unchanging, especially when juxtaposed with the fleeting transient nature of humanity. In â€Å"How the old Mountains drip with Sunset† humanity also appears insignificant when compared to nature. The â€Å"small dusk† â€Å"blots† the houses, which suggests that even with such a tiny aspect of nature, humanity offers little resistance. This suggests the overwhelming aspect of nature as even with everything humanity has achieves, it is easily smothered by the power of nature. The rich imagery in â€Å"How the old Mountains drip with Sunset† is suggestive of the power of the sunset. The word â€Å"drip† emphasises the sunbeams overflowing with light, and therefore implies the intensity and brightness of colour. The image of the dun brake â€Å"draped in Cinder† reflects the lavishness of the landscape, and therefore the abundant beauty of nature. In â€Å"How the old Mountains drip with Sunset†; the slow verbs also suggest that the sunset has been frozen in a moment of time. The onomatopoeic â€Å"drip† captures the gradual nature of the sunset, whereas â€Å"crawls† is suggestive of the slowing of time. However, nature continues, thus suggesting the fragile beauty of the sunset, in that it only lasts for a few moments even if time seems to stand still for the poetic voice, who is absorbed in the describing of the sunset. The variety of description, from â€Å"the old Mountains†, to the â€Å"Dun Brake†, to the â€Å"old Steeples† echoes the varied process of the sun setting, and its changing splendour. In comparison to this, the chasmal beauty in â€Å"Beeny Cliff† reveals depth of emotion Hardy experiences, as well as the depth of beauty and darkness present within the landscape. Within these two poems, there is a prevalent sense of colours and light. In â€Å"Beeny Cliff†, the sea is described as â€Å"opal and †¦ sapphire†. The usage of precious gems suggests valuable memories and rarity in nature. This is echoed in â€Å"How the old Mountains drip with Sunset†, in which a duchess is described as â€Å"sapphire†. The duchess could be taken to mean the afternoon sky, therefore suggesting that the sky is so beautiful that it is comparable to jewels. The adjective of â€Å"sapphire† in both these images is suggestive of clarity and purity, suggesting the beautiful ideal of hope within the sky and the sea. The images of â€Å"the old Steeples† handing the scarlet back to the sun reflect the sheer magnitude of bright colours in â€Å"How the old Mountains drip with Sunset†, in that the steeples have already been tinted with so much colour that if feels the need to reflect it back. The word play on the word â€Å"steeples† and â€Å"steeped† suggest that the steeples have been saturated with the scarlet of the sun. The darkness of â€Å"a little cloud† cloaking Hardy in his wife is reflective of the overwhelming darkness of grief which is associated with Emma’s death, and therefore, the beauty of Beeny Cliff. The â€Å"sun [bursts] out again† after Emma’s death, which too represents the constancy of nature, and the overwhelming beauty of a new day. However, the violent image of a â€Å"burst† could also be inferred as the clumsy overflow of emotion that the beauty of nature exposes within human nature. In conclusion, structure, sound and repetition are used in â€Å"How the old Mountains drip with Sunset† to convey the poet’s excitement, whereas in â€Å"Beeny Cliff†, it expresses Hardy’s grief. However, the usage of rich and lavish imagery is the most effective method of depicting the beauty of nature â€Å"How the old Mountains drip with Sunset† whereas the colours in â€Å"Beeny Cliff† brilliantly highlight the beauty in the landscape of Beeny Cliff.

Womens Behavior in Coleridges Christabel and Brownings My Last Duchess :: My Last Duchess Essays

Women's Behavior in Coleridge's Christabel and Browning's My Last Duchess      Ã‚   Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Browning wrote in two different eras.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Coleridge's "Christabel" and Browning's "My Last Duchess" both deal with   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   women's sexuality. The women of the poems are both presented as having   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   sinned. Christabel's own belief that she has sinned is based on how a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   woman of her time was supposed to behave. The Duchess's sin is that she   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   violates the code of conduct for a noble wife. Yet, can the modern reader   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   really feel these women did anything wrong? The only sin in these two   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   poems is that women are supposed to suppress their emotions. The real   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   problem is that they defied the idea that women are not supposed to be as   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   sexually open as men. A woman was only to behave as these two women did   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   towards their husband, and even with him do so behind closed doors. Women   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   were to serve as the "Angel in the House" both of these women defy that   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   image. That type of thinking is characteristic of Romantic and Victorian   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   standards of women. This is especially true of the upper classes to which   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Christabel and the Duchess belong.      Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Coleridge raises the question: "What happens to a woman's self-image when   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   she defies social expectations?" Christabel struggles with this question   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   throughout the poem because she defies the standards for how a woman   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   should behave sexually. However, Coleridge is not trying to makes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Christabel a heroine for doing so. The poem has more to do with the effect   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of breaking rules on women. Coleridge depicts Christabel as a young woman   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   discovering herself. She has no taste for convention, as one can see by   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   her wandering around in the woods at night. Apparently, this is not proper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   behavior, as the poet describes her action in a scolding tone, "What makes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   her in the woods so late, / A furlong from the castle gate?" (Coleridge   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   25-26). The reader is given the idea from the beginning that Christabel is

Write About the Way in Which Hosseini Uses Setting in

Write about the way the significance of the way in which Hosseini uses setting in ‘The Kite Runner’. Focus on two or three. Hosseini uses setting in the kite runner in various ways. It is a tool in showcasing the social division between Hazara and Pashtuns in Kabul and is also used to dramatise and add tension to the story. An example of Hosseini adding tension through setting is Amir and Baba’s car journey from Kabul to Jalalabad. It is narrated by Amir in the present tense, as if he is there telling us what’s happening at that moment as opposed to the past tense narrative style that the remainder of the book is told in. The scene begins with ‘ We pulled up to the check point’ we are only limited to Amir’s view at the time, whilst Amir usually adds his thoughts for example just before Hassan gets raped, after his harelip has been fixed he says ‘†¦which was ironic. Because that was the winter Hassan stopped smiling’ there is no reflection of the past in this scene. There is no sense of omniscience and the reader feels for the first time that Amir is vulnerable and that he is real. The scene continues with ‘Feet crushed gravel’ by using the word ‘feet’ instead of some ones feet or the Russian soldiers feet, Hosseini makes it impersonal and threatening, as if the feet do not belong to a human being with emotions. It also allows the reader to understand how Amir was feeling at the time, he knows that the feet belonged to the Russian soldier but he doesn’t tell us and by only including information he knew at the time we turn into Amir and we feel his fear. The people in the car are clearly on edge, Hosseini shows us this through ‘a flicker of a lighter’, in order to hear it in the truck Amir and the other passengers must have been very quiet and listening out for anything threatening. The word ‘flicker’ is gentle and emphasises how still and alert they must have been. The deathly silence is broken by a ‘shrill cackling’ that scares Amir. There is an eerie quality to this, the word ‘cackling’ is usually associated with witches in children’s books, and although this should be very cliched- the evil character having an evil laugh- Hosseini ets up the scene in such a way that you feel frightened for Amir. The laughing man then starts singing an ‘old Afghan wedding song’ and this is when his identity is revealed ‘†¦with a thick Russian accent’. This adds to the eeriness as there is a conflict of expectations- its more unsettling that the Russian soldie r is singing and laughing rather than if he had been beating someone. When the door of the truck is opened and the three men peer in, Amir describes ‘a bone coloured moon’ hanging in the sky. The word ‘bone’ intensifies the feeling of danger and death, Hosseini could of used ‘white’ or any other adjective to describe the moon but by associating the moon with bone he warns the reader that something bad is about to take place. The moon is also used later on, to show Baba’s bravery and nobility when he stands up to the Russian soldier ‘he eclipsed the moonlight’. Baba is shown to be fearless, he is larger than the moon and he shields them from it and everything else. Amir uses his direct thoughts when he describes how he had believed the Russian soldier has shot Baba ‘It’s done, then. I’m eighteen and alone†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ in doing this not only does it allow the reader to sympathise with Amir and connect with him but its highlights how dangerous the situation is, Amir cant even protest against what’s happening, the calm way in which he thinks it through ‘where do I bury him? Where do I go after? I find is quite disturbing. I feel that it lacks emotion and for me I wonder if this is a fabrication by Amir -the writer. He knows that Baba didn’t die, but he presents it in this way to sensationalise the story. Another use of setting in the story is to show the great divisions of society in Kabul, Hosseini uses Baba’s house and Ali’s hut to show the social structure in Kabul. Baba and Amir who were Pashtuns and Sunni Muslims were the affluent upper class and were respected whilst the Hassan and Ali as Hazaras and Shia Muslims were servants. The two houses are also used to show the different father-son relationship between Hassan and Ali and Baba and Amir. Baba’s house is described as being very grand; the entire paragraph dedicated to it oozes wealth and prosperity. Hosseini uses superlative adjectives to describe the house ‘prettiest house in all of Kabul†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Everything about the house is luxurious and beautiful, there are great descriptions of tapestries and ‘marble floors and wide windows’. Even the smells in the house are rich ‘perpetually smelled of tobacco and cinnamon’, the word ‘perpetually’ hints that Baba’s wealth was continuous, it would never end, as if Amir believed that he would always live in this luxury. The house is very formal ‘poplar trees lined the driveway’ and ‘rosebushes’ flanked the entryway. However throughout this beautiful description there are some cracks and some uneasiness. In particular the ‘wrought- iron gates’ that give the house a prison like feel, and also the mention of Rahim Khan ‘ I’m in his arms, but it’s Rahim Khan’s pinky my fingers are curled around’ this suggests that within the opulence there are some badly hidden issues. In contrast Ali’s hut is introduced to the reader by the heading ‘the Wall of Ailing Corn’ the corn that ‘never really took’ as if there is also something wrong with the hut. Whilst Baba’s house is given a detailed description Amir’s description of Ali’s hut is brief, perhaps because he doesn’t think its significant or maybe because he doesn’t remember it much, he admits himself ‘in the eighteen years that I lived in that house, I stepped into Hassan and Ali’s quarters only a handful of times†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ He remembers it as ‘sparse, clean, dimly lit†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ it is simple and modest and reflects the character of it inhabitants. There is nothing extraneous and nothing excessive unlike Baba’s house with the mahogany table that could easily seat ‘thirty guests’ or the ‘two acres of backyard’. He also describes a ‘loquat tree’ that gave shade to the house; this differs to the ‘poplar trees’ and ‘rosebushes’ of Baba’s house. Loquat trees are local trees in Kabul whilst rosebushes are foreign, they also have purpose they produce fruit unlike Baba’s trees that are purely decoration. It is ironic that the smallest thing that Baba owns he shares and is associated with Ali ‘Baba and Ali had planted a small vegetable garden’. It is also significant that Amir describes his house as ‘Baba’s estate’ or Baba’s house. He doesn’t claim it, but when he describes Hassan and Ali’s ouse, not only does he call it a’ home’ rather than a ‘house’ but he says that its their home. The hut signifies the close relationship between Ali and Hassan; they don’t have fancy tapestries or tables that get in the way of each other. There is always something between Ba ba and Amir, even the house divides them ‘upstairs was my bedroom, Baba’s room and his study†¦. ’ Baba constantly shuts Amir out of his study ‘â€Å"Go on now,† he would say, â€Å"This is grown-ups time†. ’ Hassan and Ali slept in the same room with ‘two mattresses on opposite sides of the room’- they were always together. Ali’s hut also shows Amir’s attitude towards Hazaras and shows that the social division between Hazaras and Pashtuns is one that affects the younger generation too. He calls Hassan’s home a ‘mud hut’ and although he says it’s modest, it’s evident that he doesn’t think much of it. However the ironic thing is that Hassan and Ali’s hut fits with Kabul whilst Baba’s estate stands out not only because it’s pretty but because the vast majority of Kabul do not live like that a fact Amir is only aware of when he is much older.

Nursing Fundamentals-Professionalism and Discipline

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF NURSING RELATED TO PROFESSIONALISM AND DISCIPLINEIn this paper I will provide information regarding the definition of nursing, nursing as a discipline, nursing as a profession and nursing roles and settings. In addition, I will provide the fundamentals of nursing related to caring and communication, along with nursing as an art and science. I believe nursing is a very important career needed much around the world, and only certain types of people can be nurses.These individuals should contain a good heart and a good brain to further their success in nursing; they should be capable of caring, have strong communication skills, and have the knowledge capabilities to accomplish difficult tasks. I will be addressing these topics in my paper. Definition of nursing: Nursing is the collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well in all settings. â€Å"Nursing is the use of clinical judgment and the provision of care to enable people to promote, improve, maintain, or recover health or, when death is inevitable to die peacefully† (Newham, R., 2012).Nurses are capable of more tasks than what most people imagine. Nursing is a mix of communication and caring, and the culmination of art and science. Therapeutic communication is extremely important in a nurse-client relationship. Communication allows an establishment of helping and healing relationships within the individual, family or community client(s). â€Å"At the core of nursing care, are therapeutic interpersonal relationships based on caring, mutual respect, and dignity. † (Burger & Goddard, 2010, p.246).By ensuring these relationships with clients, responsibilities are to be put forth; ethical responsibilities, legal responsibilities, and professional standards are met. When good communication is established, clients become empowered, which allows them to become capable of their decision making (2010). Verbal and non-verbal communic ation is very important to sustain. Often, difficulties arise from misinterpretation based on the clients’ perception. The nurse must contain the knowledge of these skills to minimize the unwanted confusion within the communicating process.Caring is a reflection of what matters to a person and has a wide range of involvements. Having personal concern for others motivates people to care. â€Å"Caring practices and expert knowledge that are at the heart of competent nursing practice must be valued and embraced† (Perry & Sams, 2010, p. 266). The act of caring is the process and decisions to help people in ways that include empathy, compassion, and support. All nurses should have this aspect within their nursing career. Without care from the nurse, the client’s holistic, spiritual, emotional and physical well-being can be comprised.â€Å"Instead of focusing on the client’s disease and its treatment by conventional means, transpersonal caring explores inner s ources of healing to protect, enhance, and preserve a person’s dignity, humanity, wholeness, and inner harmony† (Perry & Sams, 2010, p. 267). Nursing as a science is the application of knowledge through theoretical framework (Watson, J. , & Smith, M. , 2002). The technical aspect of nursing is more than ordinary technology. Nurses have to be critical thinkers and to know how to solve problems in the most optimum way possible.Watson states, â€Å"the science of nursing [is] to provide reliable and valid approaches, techniques, and theory that will enable nurses to practice effectively while solving problems† (p. 73) According to Watson, the last two decades has experienced an explosion of nursing knowledge that will improve the health, promote and optimize health, prevent illness and injury, and alleviate suffering as much as physically possible. As a profession, nurses have been educating patients, conducting research, and advocating for care. (Watson, J. , & Smi th, M., 2002).However, the artful acts in nursing are those activities that science cannot explain. The art in nursing is the individual practice of the nurse–patient interaction. Attempts are made to reincorporate art and science in ways that are morally, socially, aesthetically, and ecologically grounded by being accountable to a larger whole (Blondeau, D, 2002). New relationships are being established between arts and healing. The act of the nurse treating each patient interaction as a sacred and artful act can be just as beautiful and healing.The mere presence of the nurse can be more healing than all technology available today. In order for these elements to be put in place, society can expect these activities from the nursing discipline. Nursing as a Discipline Nursing is presented as a unique, independent, and a disciplined profession. A discipline is associated with following a standard way of doing things. There are many areas in which organizations are attempting to take disciplines and create a profession from it (Hayne, Y. ,1992). The goal of the discipline is to expand knowledge and human experiences through creative perception and research.This knowledge is the scientific guide to living the art of nursing (1992). Interaction between a nurse and a patient at a specific time and place is a very important discipline. Orlando (2010) states, that nursing discipline must be put in a certain order to enable the best outcome for a positive relationship between the nurses and clients (George, J. B. , 2011, p. 164). First, an arrangement of exchanges involving the nurse’s reaction to the patient behavior takes place until the patient’s need for help, as he or she perceives it, is clarified.Secondly, the nurse and the client in cooperation, decide to resolve the need in an appropriate manner. Lastly, an evaluation of this action is carried out after it is complete. Succession of the action is shown if the patients’ behaviour imp roves, the desired outcomes were achieved and the process is completed. The process recycles if there is no change or the behaviour of the patient gets worse. (2011) Using the appropriate nursing action and clarifying the patient’s behaviour is needed for progress.When nurses use this process to communicate their reactions in caring for patients, Orlando calls it the â€Å"nursing process discipline. † She applies the process discipline to contacts between a nurse and a leader and those she supervises and directs (2011). To enable the discipline of nursing to grow, nursing needs leaders who can articulate the place of nursing within modern society. The role of leaders also have to clarify the nursing discipline for the purposes of better understanding the nature of life and the nature of living, to contribute to societies’ health care.By doing so, nursing can ensure its positive contribution to health care and provide society a better understanding of health. Nu rsing as a Profession Nursing should always be spoken of and looked upon as a profession, not as an occupation. When the work of nursing was first organized by Florence Nightingale, it was proper to think of it as an occupation, but then the art of nursing the ill has been growing and thriving since ( Ross-Kerr, 2010, p. 32-34). Elliot Fredison; another important role model regarding the health care system, was a leading researcher in the sociology of medicine and other professions.According to Freidson, the ideal professional is characterized by five elements: specialized work, exclusive control, required qualified credentials, formal training, and a commitment to doing good work before economic gain (Paulsen, 2011). Another important aspect that Freidson addressed, regarding the topic of professionalism, was the physician-patient care. â€Å"Only members of the health professions can be trusted, because of their competence, because of their ability to cure sometimes, treat often, and care always† (2011).Caring requires the concentration of caregivers so that they become aware of the patient’s needs. Paulsen (2011) inquires that a moral quality of caring is derived from being able to perceive needs with as little alteration as possible. He also states that caring â€Å"about† differs from caring â€Å"for. † The aspect that is clarified by the awareness of something becoming a need is the caring â€Å"about† fragment and having full responsibility for one’s patient, qualifies the caring â€Å"for† feature.This leads into the competency of caring, and how important it is on a professional spectrum. â€Å"Incompetent care is not only a technical problem, but a moral one. † (Hafferty, F. et. al, 2003) This states that within the ethics of caring, one must balance a sustainable role within the clinical setting and contain the knowledge retaining the patient’s rights (2003). Such rights would classify under confidentiality, informed consent, acceptance or refusal of treatment and privacy (CNA, 2008).Fundamental to Fredison’s definition of professionalism is the claim that the physician must retain independence of judgment and action, if only to decide when and what kinds of care are inappropriate (Hafferty, F. et. al, 2003). Following Freidson’s view on what a professional is, would include the nursing profession. Nursing is a dedicated profession with required skills that are accumulated through formal education and care.Nursing Roles and Settings If one cannot identify their uniqueness within nursing, a negative impact could be put in place, such as; the lack of a clearly identifiable function,  which leads to inadequate care and insufficient attention to the patient’s reactions to his immediate experiences. Then, nurses will identify their role as a concern regarding the right provided direct assistance to individuals in any setting they are found, to th e purpose of avoiding, relieving, diminishing or curing the individual’s sense of helplessness. â€Å"It is the nurse’s direct responsibility to see to it that the patient’s needs for help are met either by her own activity or by calling in the help of others.† (Lowe, G. , et. al. , 2012).The importance of nursing uniqueness acts as a function to allow nurses to work in any setting where persons experience a need for help they cannot resolve themselves. Therefore, nurses may practice with well or ill persons in an independent practice or in an institutional setting (2012). Support, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles.By being influenced by economic, social, and cultural factors, nursing has responded by continuing to meet the needs of health care. The founder of modern nursing is considered to be Florence Nightingale (Ross-K err, 2010). Nightingale, along with her staff of nurses dramatically reduced morbidity rates through their care and the importance of comfort for clients. She applied the principles of cleanliness and comfort to nursing care which is today known as one of the fundament principles of nursing.ConclusionThis paper explained the idea of what nursing is. The fundament concepts of nursing are to provide the most competent care achievable through proper caring and communication, discipline and profession and the knowledge of roles and settings. I have also inquired nursing as an art and science, to better understand the fundaments of nursing. I learned from doing research that the main aspect of nursing is to care. The other points are very valid and important, but to be a truthfully caring nurse, is what a patient really needs to gain the most optimum health.

Nurse-Patient Relationship Essay Example

Nurse Nurse-Patient Relationship Essay Nurse-Patient Relationship Essay Running head: Nurse-Patient Relationship 1 Nurse-Patient Relationship as a caring relationship Abra Nayo Central Connecticut State University Nursing 110-01: Introduction to Nursing Theories Dr. Linda Wagner November 28, 2011 Nurse-patient relationship as a caring relationship 2 The nurse-patient relationship is central to patient satisfaction and sets a tone of the care experience. Nurses are the health care professionals that spends the most time with the patients. By analyzing and understanding the factors that have the greatest impact on overall patient satisfaction, nurses can aim, and can focus their efforts, energies, and resources on improvements with the greatest potential to enhance the patients experience. There are many principles that nurses should use to build a healthy, careful balance of trust, and professional respect with the patients. However, there are also benefits as well as challenges to developing nurse-patient relationship. Ellen Meeropol(2011) in House Arrest, a captivating, and compelling fiction book, examines an unlikely relationship between two woman who , on the surface, could not be more different. Pippa is pregnant and under house arrest for the death of her daughter , and Emily is the nurse assigned to manage Pippa’s prenatal care. As the story unfolds Meeropol uses her twenty-year nursing expertise to describe the relationship of the two women. The question is what is that particular, purposeful relationship that nurse and patient sometimes partake? This paper will examine the nurse-patient relationship, showing the positive and the most challenging elements so that there can be a deeper understanding and admiration for patients and the impact on the nurse and the patients. The nurse-patient relationship is first based on caring relationship. It is a nurse’s job to care a patient’s medical needs. However, caring for their emotional well-being can also have just as beneficial an impact on patient care. The relationship between nurse and patient requires trust, as well as understanding . For a patient to disclose private or embarrassing details about their physical or mental condition, they need to trust that the nurse will treat them with dignity and respect. Furthermore, patients will only follow the advice of their nurse if they trust in his or her Nurse-patient relationship as a caring relationship professional opinion. This careful balance of trust and professional respect is one of the founding principle for a healthy and respectful nurse-patient relationship. Also, the nurse-patient relationship demonstrates an imbalance of power. Indeed, the nurse has a more extensive knowledge base in terms of care and treatment options. The patient might rely on their nurse and other health care professionals to advise them of the best treatment options for their needs. As a result , there can be unintended power struggle. The nurse , feeling he or she knows what is the best for the patient, can unwittingly influencing a patient to choose the best course of care is important for patient participation, nurses must learn to walk a fine line between influence and assuming control.

Ideas for Substitute Teachers With No Lesson Plans

Ideas for Substitute Teachers With No Lesson Plans From time to time, substitute teachers will go to a classroom and find that there is no lesson plan waiting for them. When you as a substitute are familiar with the subject at hand, you can typically use the textbook as a basis for a lesson about the topic currently being taught. However, an issue arises when you know little about the classs subject. It can be even worse when you have no textbook available for review. Make learning fun, because so long as the students view you positively, youll probably be asked to return. Improvising for Substitutes Therefore, it is best to come prepared for the worst with activities and ideas of things to do with students. Obviously, it is always best to relate any work that you give to the subject if you can, but if not, it is still important to keep students busy. In terms of classroom management, the worst thing to do is to just let them talk. This can often lead to either disruption within the class or even worse noise levels that disturb neighboring teachers. These curriculum ideas for activities will help you succeed as a sub in this type of situation. Several of these suggestions include games. There are countless skills that students can develop through game playing such as critical thinking skills, creativity, teamwork, and good sportsmanship.  There are opportunities for the students to practice speaking and listening skills when games are played individually or in groups. Some of these games or activities require more preparation than others. Obviously, you will need to use your best judgment about which will work with a particular class of students. It is also best to prepare with several of these as backups, just in case one is not working as well as you think it should. You can also get student input on which they would like to do.   Lesson Ideas, Games, and Crafts Trivia: Bring trivial pursuit questions and set the class up into teams. Have them take turns answering questions while keeping score.Draw a Picture or Write a Story About a Prop: Bring in a prop and have students either draw a picture of it or write a story or poem about it. Then give out awards for best in the class, most original, funniest, etc. before the end of the class.View Optical Illusions: Print out a number of optical illusions, or put them on transparencies or a slide show and project them on a screen. Have students spend some time trying to work out what they are looking at. This is a high-interest activity that can spur interesting discussions.Pictogram Puzzles: Pictogram or Rebus puzzles are word puzzles that are visual (GOT, GOT, GOT, GOT; Answer: FOUR GOT FORGOT). Print out a number of puzzles, link them to a Smartboard,  or project them.  Play a Game of Hypotheticals: Pose hypothetical questions to students and have them come up with answers and solutions. These are best if they serve a purpose and instruct while still being fun. For example, you might include questions about first aid or dangerous situations to help students think through the best course of action in these situations. Apples to Apples:  Lead  player draws a  description  card (adjective: chewy)  from the deck, then the other players each secretly submit a thing  card (noun: shark attack) in hand that best fits that description. The lead player chooses the  thing  card that, in her opinion, best matches the  description  card.  Create your own cards that are discipline-specific (English suffix descriptions: joyous, beauteous, gaseous, marvelous, and famous; math things: axis, number line, average, cube, and probability) or find other examples.Crosswords or Word Search Puzzles: Keep a stack of crossword and word search puzzles ready to hand out for students to complete.Hangman: This requires little preparation. However, it is best done in small groups; winners could then compete in tournament rounds.Origami cootie catchers: Make cootie catchers to use as study guides.  For example, have students place vocabulary terms on the outside flap and the definition when the inside fla p is opened.  20 Questions: Tell the students whether you are thinking of a person, place or thing. Give them clues after every five questions. It can also be fun to keep score while you play. You get a point if you stump them and they get a point if they guess the right answer. Scattergories: The object of this famed board game is to quickly fill out a category list with answers beginning with the assigned letter. Points are awarded if other players/teams havent thought of the same answers. The player/team with the most points wins.Four Winds Blow: Also known as the Big Wind Blows or Great Winds Blow, the game is similar to Musical Chairs. It allows  students the chance to get to know each other a bit better. You’ll need chairs, one fewer than the total number of players. One person starts by saying â€Å"Four winds blow  for everyone who†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and then says a characteristic or behavior that could be true, ...ate breakfast. All players who ate breakfast must quickly find a new seat that is more than two chairs away from them. If the player is not able to find a vacant seat, he or she is the new person who is in the middle.Pictionary: You can play a game of Pictionary without the cards. Split the class into two teams, and take turns tryin g to guess what teammates are drawing on the board. Write Mission Statements and Goals: Teach students all about personal mission statements and goal setting exercises. Then guide them as they create their own.

LexisNexis Legal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LexisNexis Legal - Research Paper Example By definition, a statement of limitation refers to the enactment that exists in the legal system of common law, which puts a limit on the maximum time, that a person may seek legal proceedings after an event occurs that warrants the start of the legal proceedings. There are reasons why the statements of limitation are put in place. Among them, is that evidence may be corrupted if so much time passes by before the legal proceedings begins or are started. The section that follows in this report summarizes the statutes of limitations for the different states in which the bulk of the clients do business. The State of Michigan Personal Injury The statute of limitation against the cause of action on the grounds of personal injury can best be understood through the case laws covered in the state of Michigan. Personal injury actions must be within the first three years from the time the injury happened. If this is not pursued in time, the case may be invalid from thence onwards. The time pro vide for the limitation of action based on â€Å"injuries to a person or to property,† applies generally, to acts of negligence, financial loss claims, and the recovery of payments from third parties because of the personal injury. In addition, it applies due to the denial of a person’s civil rights given by the state, or by the federal government law, the invasion of privacy, and many more. When there is, an action for recovering of the damages incurred to the property and to the person, this three-year period of limitation applies. This is regardless of whether recovery of compensation for the damages experienced is sought in assumpsit or in tort, if the circumstances come up from a negligent action that constitutes a breach of express or implied contract. An action for injury to a person or to property has to be brought inside three years and not six years, so long as it is not a breach of an express promise 29 M.L.P. 2d STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS  § 18. Breach of Con tract The statute of limitation on the cause of a breach of contract legal proceedings is six years in the state of Michigan. This is the amount of time limitation applied to contract actions. Under this statute of limitation, a claim that is based an express provision provided by a contract between two or more parties, rather than one implied by law, has to be subjected to the limitations period of six years applied to all contract actions. On the other hand, the breach of an obligation, which the law implies on the part of one of the parties to a contract, which is owed to the other, falls under a tort, and is subject to the statute of limitations for torts, which has a limit period of three years. However, this statement of limitation does not cover fraudulent misrepresentations to the existence of a contract 29 M.L.P. 2d STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS  § 22. The case of Case v. Goren, 43 Mich. App. 673, 204 N.W.2d 767 (1972), is the perfect example of how this works. Conversion A caus e of action for a conversion accrues on, and limitations start to run on or after, the day of the conversion. The time limitation period for conversions is three years. This happens when authority is wrongfully acquired by a person over the other person’s personal property. Wisconsin State Personal Injury In the state of Wisconsin, actions to recover the damages that result from the injuries to

Nicotine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nicotine - Essay Example Nicotine levels might rise in formulated products up to 34 ÃŽ ¼g/kg (Andersson, Wennstrà ¶m & Gry, 2003, p. 9). In commercial cigarette tobacco, nicotine is present in around 1.5% by weight of the product and it constitutes for 95% of total alkaloid content (Hukkanen, Jacob, & Benowitz, 2005, p. 79). This organic compound is alkaloid in nature and consists of a  pyridine cycle and a pyrrolidine cycle. This bicyclic chemical has an asymmetric carbon and so display enantiomeric behaviour. Nicotine is naturally found in S enantiomeric form in nature which is levorotatory (Hukkanen, Jacob, & Benowitz, 2005, p. 80). Nicotine’s IUPAC nomenclature is 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine (Pubchem). Chemical formula is C5H4NC4H7NCH3 and Empirical formula of nicotine is C10H14N2. Its CAS number is 54-11-5 and molecular weight is 162.23156 [g/mol]. Nicotine is a hygroscopic, colourless to pale yellow oily base which have acrid burning bitter taste. Nicotine is also sensitive to air or light and on exposure changes its color to brown. Therefore it should be protected from light and air. It has relatively high vapour pressure and has ability to form salts with almost any acid, and double salts with many metals and acids. It is stored at room temperature not more than 30 °C. The pKa-values of nicotine are: pKa1 6.16, and pKa2 10,96. Nicotine is highly soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, kerosene and oils, and is miscible with water below 60 °C. The mixture of nicotine and water occupies less volume than water alone (Andersson, Wennstrà ¶m & Gry, 2003, p. 13). Initial isolation of nicotine from tobacco plant was done by German chemists Posselt & Reimann in 1828, who referred it as a poison (Henningfield & Zeller, 2006, p. 286). Its bicyclic chemical structure is fixed in 1895 by Pinner. Chemical structure of nicotine is shown in Figure 1 (pubchem). Chemical sythesis of nicotine was done in 1904 and structure is confirmed (Andersson,

Energy Needs in Mexico Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Energy Needs in Mexico - Research Paper Example In other words, energy is the capability of doing work, spawning heat, and discharging luminosity or emission. On the other hand, power is the energy spent over a given period, say, per unit time. The two are interrelated and one cannot do minus the other. So far, there are over six elementary sources of energy, which include nuclear, thermal and electromagnetic energy. Other forms of energy include electricity, mechanical and chemical energies. Different countries use different forms of energy or a combination of many forms of energy. In Mexico, the government of Mexico struggles to meet the energy needs of the country by using a combination of different forms of energy. Notably, coal and fossil fuels are the dominant sources of energy in Mexico. Perhaps due to their abundance within and without Mexico, fossil fuels are the most common source of energy not only in Mexico, but also in other countries. However, with the warning of fossil fuels getting scarce and their adverse effects of combustion, various countries just like Mexico are busy adopting new forms of energy (Buen & Isabel, 2006, pp. 1-3). The Mexican constitution gives the state the mandate to generate, transmit, and distribute different forms of energy to the citizenry.... For instance, the generation of electricity in Mexico depends on 75 percent of thermal sources, 19 percent from water generation (hydropower). Other sources accounting 2 percent include biomass, solar and wind. Recently, the government embarked on plan to increase its energy figures by 14.8 GW by 2015 using other sources of energy such as renewable sources. This research paper addresses the energy needs in Mexico, the challenges facing its energy sector, and the implication on the economy (Auer, 2001, pp. 1-7). 1.1 Statement of the problem Although there are abundance reserves of both natural gas and petroleum in Mexico, the problem of energy insufficiency persists in a country that is trying so hard to set its path towards positive economic growth figures. The ever-growing economic demands in the country are slowly but surely outpacing the ability of Mexico to produce additional energy. To make matters worse, the poor infrastructure in the exploitation of these two fundamental sourc es of energy has made the country loose millions of dollars due to the flaring up of natural gas. Additionally, the government has been on the receiving end for not investing enough in the energy sector thus, affecting the exploration and production of these basic sources of energy. Inadequate investment from the private sector is also another impediment facing the energy sector in Mexico. The lack of storage facilities for refined oil is also another challenge facing Mexico, as this forces the government and other energy sector players to import at least 25 percent of gasoline. Major infrastructure projects happening in the energy sector in Mexico have almost come to a standstill due to budgetary constraints. For

The Process Of Time Table Construction Computer Science Essay

The Process Of Time Table Construction Computer Science Essay The process of time-table construction can prove to be a hectic task considering the number of cohorts [courses] and the modules [subjects] offered by a specific university. This is mainly because, there could be a deadlock in allotment of the schedule considering all the constraints to be satisfied .This requires logical thinking which definitely consumes a large amount of time. Moreover, identification of the inconsistencies and their respective solutions can prove to be disastrous. Initially , the task of time table scheduling was done manually .This proved to be troublesome ,error-prone and time consuming .To overcome these problems , automated exam time-table generation has come to light. With a wider range of choices available to the students in the selection of modules [ subjects ] and cohorts [ courses] of their choice , the flexibility of the University improves but at the same time , the task of time-table creation becomes merely complicated .However , a software which can consider all the constraints and cross faculty modules [latter includes the modules taken by students from various faculties]as well , is of immense help. Thus ,the scientific society has given considerable attention to automated time-table generation from the last four decades .One of the most primitive ones used the concepts of one or more of the following operational methodologies network flow techniques reduction to graph coloring integer programming direct heuristics and more The latest technology uses advanced techniques like expert systems which work on the concept of artificial intelligence, logic programming which uses languages like Prolog, constraint logic programming and generic evolutionary algorithms .However , there is no universally accepted language for time-table creation. Several attempts have been made to formulate one but these are left incomplete. In this software , the constraint satisfaction is 99% .Moreover , the interface developed is use friendly where in the user doesnt have to enter the names of the cohorts and modules which he wishes to opt for as he can just select the same from the drop down lists . WHAT IS CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION? Constraint satisfaction was first introduced in artificial intelligence .This is a logical problem solving language merged with a programming language which is used to solve a given problem with a specific set of constraints. This deals with the assignment of certain values to the variables while meeting certain conditions. It is represented as a set of variables Xi and a set of constraints Ci where each constraint specifies a subset of variables and an allowable combination of these. In this project some of the main constraints which are to be considered are as below: Students belonging to different cohorts but studying a common module must have the exam on the same day. No two modules of the same cohorts can have their respective exams on the same day One of the soft constraints is that no two exams of the same cohort must be on the same day Thus, these are satisfied before the software is deployed .The techniques used in constraint satisfaction are purely dependent on the constraints. Constraints specific to a finite domain are solved using search strategies in the form of backtracking or local search. Constraint propagation is yet another technique which is used but however is sometimes incomplete. That is it either solves the problem or proves and declares it unsatisfiable .These methods are combined with the search strategies to simplify the process. There are many constraint programming libraries which can be included in this project. Since Java is the platform we develop the project on, Choco is an appropriate library which can be easily used with Java programming .it is an event based propagating system with backtrack structures. More on Choco is discussed in the later sections on the report. BRUTE FORCE TECHNIQUE: Brute force technique is a process of finding the result by taking all the possible inputs i.e., a trial and error process. If a taken Input yields the correct result then it is treated as the correct input. If not then it goes for the next input until we get the correct result. We can consider knapsack problem as an example of a brute force technique. Knapsack problem generally means a bag which should be filled with weights that should yield maximum profit. The most implicit constraint of knapsack problem is to maximize profit with minimum weight. Let us say there a four types of materials as follows gold , silver , platinum and bronze with profit values of 1000,10,2000 and 5 and weights of 2,3,4,5 .Thief want more profit with his minimum capacity bag let us say it can fit 5.So he applies the brute force technique to get maximum profit.First he fills the bag with gold which weights 2 and then goes for silver which weights 3 here the bag is full and yielding the profit of 1000+10=1010. Now he tries of another combination i.e., he selects platinum which weights 4 and now the rest of the bag is only one so he can select the  ½ part of gold which weights 1 thus the bag is filled with yielding 2000+500=2500 .In this manner different combinations are tried until the max profit is yielded. CHAPTER 2 Aims and Objectives The manual process of generating exam timetable by taking all constraints into consideration is very much time taking and difficult process. So the main aim of this project is to build a software tool to create exam timetables for a university or a school and the application should be user friendly and should satisfy all the constraints. The brief explanation of this is as follows: First analyze the manual process in developing exam time table that is following in schools and universities. This analysis helps us in developing the software tool. After analyzing the manual process we should make a list of all possible constraints which should be satisfied by the developed system. We should identify all the constraints that should be satisfied by our developed system and we should analyze them which is helpful in developing the software product. To gain an understanding of constraint satisfaction tool like choco which we are using in the development process. The developed product should be user friendly, so that user can use the system easily. In AUTOMATED EXAM TIME TABLE product the user should input the cohort name and module name. Instead of typing the entire cohort and module name we should put a dropdown list where user selects from it. By this we can eliminate the incorrect typing. The developed product should satisfy constraints like two exams of the same year of both semesters should not be on the same day. Every student should get their exams on alternate days only. All such type of major constraints should be satisfied by our product. MOTIVATION: Most of the people are interested in playing chess. By playing chess we can improve our concentration power. We have an idea of creating code for playing chess. As chess is played by two players one player is automated and another player plays manually. Here constraint satisfaction is used because there are certain conditions like elephant should have only straight moves, soldier should have one step straight move etc., we have to design our code by satisfying these conditions. Our program is used by the player in the absence of his partner. This player makes use of graphical user interface to opt his plots against other player which makes use of our code. So here artificial intelligence is used. This idea motivated us for designing automated examination time tabling software. FEATURES: Exams are scheduled such that no two exams are overlapped for the same student. Students are informed in case of any changes in the examination schedule like postponement, or preponement etc. User can save data so that he can view the application if he reopens it again. Students are allotted examination halls in a proper way so that a single student is not allotted in two different rooms. Proper allotment of staff in examination halls. Student can post his problems regarding exams. User can add modules to this software if they are relevant to this software. KEY TECHNIQUES JAVA PROGRAMMING JAVA is the language which has many features like multithreading, platform dependent, simple, robust, object oriented etc. Java is portable and performance levels of it are too high. Java concepts are very simple and understandable. Exceptions are also perfectly managed by Java. Database connectivity, GUI, IO packages is the main concepts due to which we go for java programming. CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION PROGRAMMING USING CHOCO CHOCO is a java library which is mainly used for constraint satisfaction. CHOCO is based on events which have the capability of backtracking. It can be used for many purposes like teaching, researching etc. So by using this constraint satisfaction programming we can develop the exam time table perfectly. ORACLE DATABASE FOR DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL Database is a collection of entities. Data is a collection of similar raw information. Data is represented with the help of views or tables. View is not a physical entity. It is the representation for shadow of tables. Oracle database is mainly used for data storage and retrieval. That is data is stored in a place and in future if we want that data we can easily retrieve it. For developing the exam timetable in a university the above three key techniques are very very important and by using these techniques only the development processing of timetable can be done perfectly. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS There are two types of system requirements software and hardware. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Based on the operating system many things may depend. So selection of operating system plays very important role. WINDOWS XP operating system is the most appropriate operating system for software requirements of developing exam timetable. Oracle 10g relational database management system is also one of the software requirements. For developing the JAVA code My Eclipse Tool is the most suitable software requirement. For constraint satisfaction programming the preferred version is CHOCO 2.1.0. These are the minimum and most important software requirements for developing exam time table. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS The processor required is Pentium 111 processor with 800MHz. Oracle database 10g and Java code developing tool must be on run mode at the same time so 1GB RAM is required. 20GB HDD also required as hardware requirement. These are the minimum and most important hardware requirements for developing exam time table. CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS Existing System: The timetable management of a university was initially done normally by using some primitive methods and algorithms. The planning is made by a group of people and the timetable is fixed after certain negotiations. The university needs to set the timetable for each and every student separately and then finalize the whole timetable. The Timetable that is prepared by the Examination department of that institution needs to be sent in atleast 45 days advance to all the departments of the university and concerned affiliated colleges also. There are some issues regarding the timetable preparation. They are The students belonging to different departments will have the subjects related to their course. The subjects may be in common for certain branches. So the timetable designer needs to have a proper idea regarding the date and time of the examinations making sure that the same subject to different departments is conducted on the same day and at the same time. This reduces the extra effort for preparing different sets of question papers and ensuring the same complexity of the paper. A subject may be completed in advance by certain departments and there might be certain students who had failed that certain subject. The students who have failed in the regular examinations are given a chance for writing the supplementary examinations in the next semester. There is a chance of anomaly that the regular examination of the current semester and the supplementary examination for the previous semester may fall on the same day and same time. So the timetable adjustment must be flexible in such a way that no student misses any of the examinations. The regular student needs to have at least a day gap in between the examinations so that he can get ample amount of time for preparation for the next examination. The availability of the invigilators also needs to be checked before scheduling a particular examination. The staff members who are not assigned any class work at that time are to be taken and the schedule for a particular staff is to be prepared. The subject that is opted by maximum number of students is to be held as the first examination itself. The reason behind this is that, if the subject that is opted by maximum number of students is conducted at the last then there would be a problem in validating the answer scripts. So overcoming all the above mentioned issues is a hectic task. The timetable designer needs to have an idea regarding all those issues. The time taken by an individual to overcome all the above issues may take a few months of time. Proposed System: The proposed system of timetable management is rather a key solution for all the above mentioned issues. It gains its importance in eliminating the potential risks that are involved in the process. We can give certain number of constraints as the input and the schedule is prepared considering the constraints. The software is flexible enough for the users to enter the starting and the ending date of the examinations, the names of the students and their respective departments are present in the database and the details are retrieved accordingly. The result of the examination is automatically stored in the database for the preparation of the next semesters timetable. The proposed system is considerably quicker and more efficient. CHAPTER 4 SOFTWARE TOOLS DISCUSSION 1.CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION: We have a lot of constraints which need to be imposed and satisfied in our project. Basically CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION can be defined as the process of finding a solution to a set of constraints that impose conditions for which the variables must satisfy. In general terms, a solution is the set of variables that satisfies all the constraints.This can also be defined as the outcome of constraint satisfaction 2. CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION PROBLEM(CSP): A CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION PROBLEM(CSP) is defined by a set of variables each having a specific domain and also a set of constraints each involving a set of variables. These constraints restrict the values that the variables can take. A CSP performs these two tasks simultaneously. Now coming to the solution to CSP, it is just an assignment that maps every defined variable to a value. There may be cases where you may want to find just one solution, all possible solutions or an optimal solution based on the given objective function in terms of variables. A general constraint problem consists of the following: A set of variables A={a1,a2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.an} For each variable ai, a finite domain set Di of its possible values. D={D(a1),D(a2),à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.D(an)}. A set of constraints to restrict the values that the variables can take. C={C1,C2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Cj}. 3. CONSTRAINTS SOLVER: Now we need a constraint satisfaction tool to solve the considered constraints. This tool can be combined with any other programming languages like C,C++,JAVA etc. This tool is nothing but the constraint satisfaction libraries . As we move on with the java programming in our project, different constraint satisfaction java libraries available are given below: Choco JaCop Qstudio Avaya Aptana JCL Koalog From above mentioned java libraries, we use choco in this project. Choco is based on an event based propagation mechanism with an additional feature of backtracking structures which adds to its supremacy. This gives clear difference between modeling and solving a problem. 4. CHOCO: Choco is an open source software implemented in java program that is widely used for constraint programming and constraint satisfaction. General Features: Choco provides problem modeler that handles a variety of variable types that are integer variables real variables that holds an interval of floats. expressions using variables with the many operators like +, -, /, * and etc. Chocos modeler supports 70 constraints some of them are listed below Arithmetical constraints (integers or real): equal, not equal, greater or equal, less or equal. Refined constraints i .e Boolean operations between constrains. It will verify the relation for a set of variables by defining the sets of tuples in the table constraints. Constraint Programming Solver: Constraint programming solver provides The different types of various domains implementations will be done (enumerated, bounded, integer variables). For constraint propagation several algorithms were implemented (parameterized cumulative, full and bound all different, state-of-the-art AC algorithms for table constraints) Chocos Design: Chocos design provides clear separation between modeling and solving. In the modeling the problem will be expressed and variables and relations are defined. The verification for variable constraints for their potential implementation is done. The API is provided that facilitates how to state a problem as user friendly. In the solving phase, the problem solving is done by Constraint Programming and related information is provided. It handles specific memory management for variables and tree-based search. 5. JAVA: We use choco constraint java library to build the tool. By embedding choco java library with the java programming we create the required exam timetabling tool. Java provides us many features which augments security and has many advantages: Java is designed in such a way that you can easily write the code and debug the code. Java uses the concepts of automatic memory allocation and garbage collection. As java is an object-oriented programming language, it allows objects to work together. The code written in java is reusable. Java is platform independent. This is developed by keeping security in mind. Java augments todays web with security and reliability. Because of these features we use java programming in our project. But we need an INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT(IDE) to develop a java application. Lots of IDEs are available. In this project EXAM TIMETABLING with CONSTRAINT SATISFACTIO we use MyEclipse IDE. 6. MyEclipse IDE: MyEclipse is a commercially available JAVA EE and AJAX IDE. This is created and maintained by the company GENUITEC. This is built on the eclipse platform. This integrates proprietary and open solutions into the development environment. MyEclipse incorporates open standard technologies to provide a development environment for J2EE, XML, UML and databases. This is an open source IDE to which you can add external jars. MyEclipse allows you to save the valuable time on debugging environment. By using MyEclipse, it is easy to edit and debug the environment. MyEclipse comes with two versions: a professional and a standard edition. The standard edition adds various tools and a number of other features to the basic Eclipse Java Developer version. CHAPTER 5 SYSTEM DESIGN The development process of the Automated Exam Timetabling tool for a University, we use Choco 2.1.0 version which is implemented using Java Programming. The different tasks which are going to be implemented in the process of developing this application are Designing Graphical User Interface(GUI). Data Calculations. Timetable. Choco tool for Constraint Satisfaction. Step1: Designing Graphical User Interface (GUI) This process includes only Graphical User Interface part, that consists buttons, Tables, Dropdown lists and etc. These controls are arranged in the proper order to display them. Look and feel will be implemented in this process. Step 2: Data Calculations Data Calculations part consists of code which results the final output for the Schedule of Exam Timetable. Here we implement the code with logic that works like selection of exams to be held in alternative days. Here we consider all exams of particular course and prepares a logic for Exam Timetable that includes Supplementary and Regular Exams. Step 3: Timetable Timetable process involves in the creation of a schedule that sets the examinations are allocated into venues with limited capacities within an examination period. This includes the following methods. We cannot schedule a session where one student cannot taken two examinations in the same session. The venues capacity should not exceed from the total number of candidates writing the exam in a schedule. Step 4: ChocoSolver ChocoSolver is a java library for constraint programming and constraint satisfaction. Choco will define all the variables of time tabling problem that includes the Constraint Definitions Candidate Information Venue Information Examination information Exam Session particulars. User has to enter constraints and changes to the exams related to the particular exam or venue. Defining the Constraints This program will allow the users to define all necessary constraints according to the exams. The different duration should be separated for all examinations . The examination time and venue of a particular batch should be held in particular date. Venue Partitioning This process considers the number of faculties and venues. Invigilators are allocated to particular venue for the examinations. User interface is provided for the assignment and manipulation of venue partitions to the faculties. In venue partitioning the following points are considered in the Choco Solver The number of students in a venue should not exceed more than the capacity. The sufficient invigilators should be allocated for the each examination hall. The attendance sheet should be provided to the invigilators to confirm the candidate is attended or not. PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED AND THEIR PROPOSED SOLUTIONS: Scheduling an exam time table is very difficult and time taking task because there are many constraints that should be satisfied for ex: at least one day gap should be there in between two exams so that student gets time to revise, there should not be any other exam on the same day which collides with the present exam, room allocation, staff allocation, invigilator allocation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Etc. All this problems are solved in this project, this project saves a lot of time, this helps to schedule exam time table in more user friendly manner. Proposed System: In this project user can add any module to any cohort by using dropdown menus. Mostly we are not sure about the starting date of exams, but in this application user have chance to select the starting date of examinations. Sometimes same module may be shared by some cohorts. In this case we are going to create new time table for the module shared by different cohorts on the same day. So that time can be saved and number of invigilators can be reduced. Some student may have supplementary exams. This supplementary exam and regular exam should not be on the same day or on the consecutive days. Separate schedule is created for these supplementary exams or those should be held with next intake students. This application allows user to add modules to a cohort by using drop down menus. The user can also make changes to the selected modules list. As per the date, schedule and cohort selected by user examination time table is created. As the user is allowed to choose options from drop down list provided, problems that occur due to typing mistakes can be decreased. Application development and deployment: The steps involved in the development and deployment of application involve Formulating the data interpretation scheme that is sufficient to handle all the requirements of the problem converting all data available to data interpretation scheme Next step is developing the scheduling algorithm that is used to schedule the exams. The application should support the numerous last minute changes during its development and deployment easily. Application Uses: The following are the benefits of Automated Exam Timetabling The initial implementation of program requires a lot of time for data entry and constraint specification. We can reuse the database of previous exams for next exams. Assuming that the constraints are specified correctly, the application should produce the schedule that is conflict free. We can schedule the exam timetable in a short span of time. We can make last minute changes in a short span of time. Shortening the exam period can make the expenses spend on conducting the exams (such as buildings, staff, etc.,) come down. The application benefits from its three tier architecture design. Conclusion: Automated Exam Timetabling software is used to schedule the university exam time table. This is reduces time and complexity involved in scheduling the exam time table manually. This document explains about the space and time complexity involved in scheduling the exam. The application developed is user friendly and it is used to give a graphical look and feel to the user for accessing and entering the information. Automated Exam Timetabling provides all the features that are required for scheduling the exam time table. Implementation of this software at different universities reduces the cost in terms of money and time. Future Uses: Automated Exam timetabling can be extended to schedule the university class time table and school time table School Timetabling: This application is used for scheduling the timetables for weekly classes at higher schools. University Timetabling: This application is used for scheduling the lectures of students of different modules in a university such that they prevent students and lecturers from double booking.